वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-17, verse-4

दशग्रीवस्तु वैदेहीं रक्षितां राक्षसीगणैः ।
ददर्श दीनां दुःखार्तं नावं सन्नामिवार्णवे ॥४॥

4. daśagrīvastu vaidehīṃ rakṣitāṃ rākṣasīgaṇaiḥ ,
dadarśa dīnāṃ duḥkhārtaṃ nāvaṃ sannāmivārṇave.

4. daśagrīvaḥ tu vaidehīm rakṣitām rākṣasī-gaṇaiḥ
dadarśa dīnām duḥkha-ārtām nāvam sannām iva arṇave

4. daśagrīvaḥ tu rākṣasīgaṇaiḥ rakṣitām dīnām
duḥkhārtām vaidehīm arṇave sannām nāvam iva dadarśa

4. But the ten-necked (Dashagriva) saw Sita, who was guarded by hordes of rākṣasīs, looking wretched and pained by suffering, like a sinking ship in the ocean.

Words meanings summery:

• दशग्रीवः (daśagrīvaḥ) - Ravana, as the ten-necked demon king (Dashagriva (Ravana, the ten-necked one))

• तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, indeed

• वैदेहीम् (vaidehīm) - Sita, who is the object of Ravana's sight (Sita, Janaka's daughter)

• रक्षिताम् (rakṣitām) - Sita, who was under the guard of rākṣasīs (guarded, protected)

• राक्षसी-गणैः (rākṣasī-gaṇaiḥ) - the agents guarding Sita (by groups of rākṣasīs, by hordes of female demons)

• ददर्श (dadarśa) - Ravana saw (he saw)

• दीनाम् (dīnām) - Sita, in a miserable state (miserable, wretched, distressed)

• दुःख-आर्ताम् (duḥkha-ārtām) - Sita, afflicted by great sorrow (distressed by sorrow, pained by suffering)

• नावम् (nāvam) - The object used for comparison with Sita (a boat, ship)

• सन्नाम् (sannām) - the boat that is sinking (sinking, submerged, collapsed)

• इव (iva) - as if, like, similar to

• अर्णवे (arṇave) - the location where the boat is sinking (in the ocean, in the sea)

Words meanings and morphology

दशग्रीवः (daśagrīvaḥ) - Ravana, as the ten-necked demon king (Dashagriva (Ravana, the ten-necked one))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daśagrīva

daśagrīva - having ten necks (epithet of Ravana)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (daśa+grīva)

• daśa – ten
  numeral
• grīva – neck
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of 'saw'

तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Connective particle

वैदेहीम् (vaidehīm) - Sita, who is the object of Ravana's sight (Sita, Janaka's daughter)

(proper noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vaidehī

vaidehī - a woman from Videha, Janaka's daughter, Sita

Note: Object of 'saw'

रक्षिताम् (rakṣitām) - Sita, who was under the guard of rākṣasīs (guarded, protected)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of rakṣita

rakṣita - guarded, protected, preserved

past passive participle

From root rakṣ (to protect) with suffix -ita

Root: rakṣ (class 1)

Note: Describes Sita

राक्षसी-गणैः (rākṣasī-gaṇaiḥ) - the agents guarding Sita (by groups of rākṣasīs, by hordes of female demons)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of rākṣasīgaṇa

rākṣasīgaṇa - a group/horde of rākṣasīs (female demons)

Compound type : tatpurusha (rākṣasī+gaṇa)

• rākṣasī – a female rākṣasa, female demon
  noun (feminine)
• gaṇa – group, multitude, host
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of 'guarded'

ददर्श (dadarśa) - Ravana saw (he saw)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of dṛś

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the sentence

दीनाम् (dīnām) - Sita, in a miserable state (miserable, wretched, distressed)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dīna

dīna - miserable, wretched, distressed, sad

past passive participle (from a root 'dī' meaning 'to fade, languish')

Root: dī (class 4)

Note: Describes Sita

दुःख-आर्ताम् (duḥkha-ārtām) - Sita, afflicted by great sorrow (distressed by sorrow, pained by suffering)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of duḥkhārta

duḥkhārta - pained by sorrow, distressed by suffering

Compound type : tatpurusha (duḥkha+ārta)

• duḥkha – sorrow, suffering, pain
  noun (neuter)
• ārta – distressed, afflicted, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  past passive participle
  From root ṛ (to go, move), here with the sense of 'afflicted'
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Describes Sita

नावम् (nāvam) - The object used for comparison with Sita (a boat, ship)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of nau

nau - boat, ship

Note: Object of comparison

सन्नाम् (sannām) - the boat that is sinking (sinking, submerged, collapsed)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of sanna

sanna - sunk, submerged, collapsed, fallen down

past passive participle

From root sad (to sink, go down) with upasarga sa

Prefix: sa

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Describes the boat

इव (iva) - as if, like, similar to

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle of comparison

अर्णवे (arṇave) - the location where the boat is sinking (in the ocean, in the sea)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of arṇava

arṇava - ocean, sea, flood

Note: Location of the sinking boat