वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-25, verse-8

उपवासश्च कर्तव्या यथाप्राणेन मैथिलि ।
जटाभारश्च कर्तव्यो वल्कलाम्बरधारिणा ॥८॥

8. upavāsaśca kartavyā yathāprāṇena maithili ,
jaṭābhāraśca kartavyo valkalāmbaradhāriṇā.

8. upavāsaḥ ca kartavyā yathāprāṇena maithili
jaṭābhāraḥ ca kartavyaḥ valkalāmbaradhāriṇā

8. maithili yathāprāṇena upavāsaḥ ca kartavyā
valkalāmbaradhāriṇā jaṭābhāraḥ ca kartavyaḥ

8. And, O Maithili, one must undertake fasting according to one's strength. Also, one who wears garments of bark must bear matted hair.

Words meanings summery:

• उपवासः (upavāsaḥ) - fasting, a fast, observance

• च (ca) - and

• कर्तव्या (kartavyā) - to be done, ought to be done, obligatory

• यथाप्राणेन (yathāprāṇena) - according to one's strength or ability

• मैथिलि (maithili) - O Maithili (an address to Sītā)

• जटाभारः (jaṭābhāraḥ) - mass of matted hair, burden of matted locks

• च (ca) - and

• कर्तव्यः (kartavyaḥ) - to be done, ought to be done, obligatory

• वल्कलाम्बरधारिणा (valkalāmbaradhāriṇā) - by one wearing bark garments

Words meanings and morphology

उपवासः (upavāsaḥ) - fasting, a fast, observance

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upavāsa

upavāsa - fasting, religious observance, dwelling near

Derived from root 'vas' (to dwell) with prefix 'upa' (near) and suffix 'ghañ'. Refers to dwelling near a deity, hence abstaining from food.

Prefix: upa

Root: vas (class 2)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

कर्तव्या (kartavyā) - to be done, ought to be done, obligatory

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kartavya

kartavya - to be done, proper, duty, obligation

Gerundive (Future Passive Participle)

Formed from root 'kṛ' (to do, to make) with suffix 'tavya'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

यथाप्राणेन (yathāprāṇena) - according to one's strength or ability

(indeclinable)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (yathā+prāṇa)

• yathā – as, according to, just as
  indeclinable
• prāṇa – breath, life, vital air, strength, energy
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root 'an' (to breathe) with prefix 'pra'.
  Prefix: pra
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Used adverbially to indicate the manner of action.

मैथिलि (maithili) - O Maithili (an address to Sītā)

(proper noun)

Vocative, feminine, singular of maithilī

maithilī - princess of Mithila, a name for Sītā

Derived from 'mithila' (name of a kingdom) with a feminine patronymic suffix 'i'.

जटाभारः (jaṭābhāraḥ) - mass of matted hair, burden of matted locks

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jaṭābhāra

jaṭābhāra - a mass or burden of matted hair

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (jaṭā+bhāra)

• jaṭā – matted hair, tangled locks
  noun (feminine)
• bhāra – load, burden, mass, quantity
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root 'bhṛ' (to bear, carry) with suffix 'ghañ'.
  Root: bhṛ (class 3)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

कर्तव्यः (kartavyaḥ) - to be done, ought to be done, obligatory

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kartavya

kartavya - to be done, proper, duty, obligation

Gerundive (Future Passive Participle)

Formed from root 'kṛ' (to do, to make) with suffix 'tavya'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agrees with 'jaṭābhāraḥ'.

वल्कलाम्बरधारिणा (valkalāmbaradhāriṇā) - by one wearing bark garments

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of valkalāmbaradhārin

valkalāmbaradhārin - one who wears clothes made of bark

Compound noun indicating an agent ('dhārin') wearing bark garments ('valkalāmbara').

Compound type : upapada-tatpuruṣa (valkala+ambara+dhārin)

• valkala – bark, fibrous bark of a tree used for clothing
  noun (neuter)
• ambara – garment, clothes, sky, atmosphere
  noun (neuter)
• dhārin – bearing, wearing, holding, possessing
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root 'dhṛ' (to bear, hold, wear) with suffix 'ṇini'.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Agent of the passive construction.

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