महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-196, verse-11

ये च क्रूरेषु सर्वेषु वर्तमाना जुगुप्सिताः ।
स्वकर्म कुर्वन्ति सदा दुष्करं तच्च मे मतम् ॥११॥

11. ye ca krūreṣu sarveṣu vartamānā jugupsitāḥ ,
svakarma kurvanti sadā duṣkaraṁ tacca me matam.

11. ye ca krūreṣu sarveṣu vartamānāḥ jugupsitāḥ
svakarma kurvanti sadā duṣkaram tat ca me matam

11. And those who are present among all cruel and despicable ones, always perform their own (karma) actions; that too is my opinion (matam) that it is difficult (to understand/accomplish).

Words meanings summery:

• ये (ye) - those who, which (masculine plural nominative)

• च (ca) - and

• क्रूरेषु (krūreṣu) - among cruel ones, towards cruel ones

• सर्वेषु (sarveṣu) - among all, in all

• वर्तमानाः (vartamānāḥ) - being, existing, present

• जुगुप्सिताः (jugupsitāḥ) - despicable, hateful, abhorred

• स्वकर्म (svakarma) - one's own (karma) duty/action

• कुर्वन्ति (kurvanti) - they do, they perform

• सदा (sadā) - always, ever, constantly

• दुष्करम् (duṣkaram) - difficult, hard to do, arduous

• तत् (tat) - that

• च (ca) - and, also

• मे (me) - to me, my, by me

• मतम् (matam) - opinion, thought, belief

Words meanings and morphology

ये (ye) - those who, which (masculine plural nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ya

ya - who, which, what, that

Relative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the relative clause.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects with the previous verse's idea or another unspoken context.

क्रूरेषु (krūreṣu) - among cruel ones, towards cruel ones

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, plural of krūra

krūra - cruel, fierce, harsh, savage, bloody

From root krū (to hurt, injure).

Root: krū

Note: Indicates location or reference.

सर्वेषु (sarveṣu) - among all, in all

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Universal pronoun.

Note: Agrees with 'krūreṣu'.

वर्तमानाः (vartamānāḥ) - being, existing, present

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vartamāna

vartamāna - being, existing, present, current, happening

Present Active Participle

From root vṛt (to be, to exist, to turn) + śānac.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Acting as a predicate adjective or part of the subject phrase.

जुगुप्सिताः (jugupsitāḥ) - despicable, hateful, abhorred

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jugupsita

jugupsita - despised, abhorred, censured, hated, despicable

Past Passive Participle

From root gup (to protect, to hide), intens. form jugups (to abhor) + kta.

Root: gup (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'ye'.

स्वकर्म (svakarma) - one's own (karma) duty/action

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of svakarma

svakarma - one's own (karma) duty, specific action, personal action

Compound.

Compound type : tatpurusha (sva+karma)

• sva – own, one's own
  pronoun (neuter)
• karma – action, deed, work, (karma) duty, ritual, consequence of action
  noun (neuter)
  From root kṛ (to do, make) + man.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of 'kurvanti'.

कुर्वन्ति (kurvanti) - they do, they perform

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of kṛ

Root in the 8th class, Pāṇinian dhātupāṭha (karoti).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject is 'ye'.

सदा (sadā) - always, ever, constantly

(indeclinable)

Adverb of time.

Note: Modifies 'kurvanti'.

दुष्करम् (duṣkaram) - difficult, hard to do, arduous

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duṣkara

duṣkara - difficult to do, arduous, impossible, hard

From dus (bad, difficult) + kara (doing).

Compound type : pra-tatpurusha (dus+kara)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill-
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating difficulty or badness.
• kara – doing, making, causing, hand
  adjective (masculine)
  From root kṛ (to do).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'tat'.

तत् (tat) - that

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it, he, she

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Adds emphasis or another element.

मे (me) - to me, my, by me

(pronoun)

singular of asmad

asmad - I, my, me

Personal pronoun, 1st person.

Note: 'my' or 'to me', qualifying 'matam'.

मतम् (matam) - opinion, thought, belief

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mata

mata - opinion, thought, belief, view, doctrine, understood, esteemed

Past Passive Participle

From root man (to think, believe) + kta.

Root: man (class 4)

Note: Predicate noun for 'tat'.