महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-346, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
अथ तेन नरश्रेष्ठ ब्राह्मणेन तपस्विना ।
निराहारेण वसता दुःखितास्ते भुजंगमाः ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
atha tena naraśreṣṭha brāhmaṇena tapasvinā ,
nirāhāreṇa vasatā duḥkhitāste bhujaṁgamāḥ.

1. bhīṣma uvāca atha tena naraśreṣṭha brāhmaṇena
tapasvinā nirāhāreṇa vasatā duḥkhitāḥ te bhujaṅgamāḥ

1. Bhishma said: Now, O best among men (naraśreṣṭha), those serpents became distressed because of that Brahmin, the ascetic, who was residing there without food.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (character in the Mahābhārata) (Bhishma (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said (he said, spoke)

• अथ (atha) - now, then (now, then, moreover)

• तेन (tena) - by that (Brahmin) (by that, by him)

• नरश्रेष्ठ (naraśreṣṭha) - O best among men (naraśreṣṭha) (best among men, chief of men)

• ब्राह्मणेन (brāhmaṇena) - by the Brahmin

• तपस्विना (tapasvinā) - by the ascetic (by the ascetic, by the one practicing austerity)

• निराहारेण (nirāhāreṇa) - by the one who was fasting (by the one without food, by the fasting one)

• वसता (vasatā) - by the one residing (there) (by the dwelling one, while dwelling)

• दुःखिताः (duḥkhitāḥ) - became distressed (distressed, unhappy, sorrowful)

• ते (te) - those (serpents) (those, they)

• भुजङ्गमाः (bhujaṅgamāḥ) - serpents (snakes, serpents)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (character in the Mahābhārata) (Bhishma (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - terrible, formidable; name of a character in the Mahābhārata

Masculine proper noun.

Note: Speaker of the verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said (he said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular.

From root `vac`.

Root: vac (class 2)

अथ (atha) - now, then (now, then, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Particle marking a new beginning or sequence.

तेन (tena) - by that (Brahmin) (by that, by him)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

नरश्रेष्ठ (naraśreṣṭha) - O best among men (naraśreṣṭha) (best among men, chief of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of naraśreṣṭha

naraśreṣṭha - best among men, excellent man, chief of men

Tatpurusha compound: `nara` (man) + `śreṣṭha` (best).

Compound type : tatpurusha (nara+śreṣṭha)

• nara – man, person, human being
  noun (masculine)
  Masculine noun.
• śreṣṭha – best, most excellent, chief
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative form of `praśasya` (praiseworthy).

Note: Addressing the listener.

ब्राह्मणेन (brāhmaṇena) - by the Brahmin

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, related to brahman, learned

Masculine noun.

Note: Agent causing distress.

तपस्विना (tapasvinā) - by the ascetic (by the ascetic, by the one practicing austerity)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tapasvin

tapasvin - ascetic, devotee, practicing austerity

Adjective/noun from `tapas` (austerity) + `vin` suffix.

Note: Agrees with `brāhmaṇena`.

निराहारेण (nirāhāreṇa) - by the one who was fasting (by the one without food, by the fasting one)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of nirāhāra

nirāhāra - without food, fasting, abstaining from food

Tatpuruṣa compound: `nis` (without) + `āhāra` (food).

Compound type : tatpurusha (nis+āhāra)

• nis – out, forth, without, negation
  indeclinable
  Prefix for negation or removal.
• āhāra – food, diet, taking, collection
  noun (masculine)
  From root `hṛ` with prefix `ā`.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: hṛ (class 1)

वसता (vasatā) - by the one residing (there) (by the dwelling one, while dwelling)

(participle)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vasat

vasat - dwelling, residing, living

Present Active Participle

Derived from root `vas` (to dwell).

Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `brāhmaṇena`.

दुःखिताः (duḥkhitāḥ) - became distressed (distressed, unhappy, sorrowful)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of duḥkhita

duḥkhita - distressed, unhappy, sorrowful, suffering

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `duḥkh` (to suffer, to distress).

Root: duḥkh (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for `bhujaṅgamāḥ`.

ते (te) - those (serpents) (those, they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

भुजङ्गमाः (bhujaṅgamāḥ) - serpents (snakes, serpents)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bhujaṅgama

bhujaṅgama - snake, serpent (literally 'moving with the arm/shoulder')

Compound: `bhuja` (arm) + `gama` (going).

Compound type : tatpurusha (bhuja+gama)

• bhuja – arm, hand, curve, coil
  noun (masculine)
  Masculine noun.
  Root: bhuj (class 7)
• gama – going, moving, reaching
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root `gam`.
  Root: gam (class 1)