महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-181, verse-12

गोषु वृत्तिं समाधाय पीताः कृष्युपजीविनः ।
स्वधर्मं नानुतिष्ठन्ति ते द्विजा वैश्यतां गताः ॥१२॥

12. goṣu vṛttiṁ samādhāya pītāḥ kṛṣyupajīvinaḥ ,
svadharmaṁ nānutiṣṭhanti te dvijā vaiśyatāṁ gatāḥ.

12. goṣu vṛttim samādhāya pītāḥ kṛṣi-upajīvinaḥ
svadharmam na anutiṣṭhanti te dvijāḥ vaiśyatām gatāḥ

12. te dvijāḥ goṣu vṛttim samādhāya pītāḥ kṛṣi-upajīvinaḥ
svadharmam na anutiṣṭhanti vaiśyatām gatāḥ

12. Those twice-born (dvija) who adopt a livelihood based on cattle, are yellow-colored, live by agriculture, and do not perform their own inherent duty (svadharma), attain the state of being a merchant/farmer (vaiśya-hood).

Words meanings summery:

• गोषु (goṣu) - referring to reliance on cattle for livelihood (among cows, in cattle, on cattle)

• वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, way of life, conduct

• समाधाय (samādhāya) - having adopted, having fixed, having placed

• पीताः (pītāḥ) - yellow-colored (symbolic for Vaiśyas) (yellow, fair-complexioned)

• कृषि-उपजीविनः (kṛṣi-upajīvinaḥ) - those living by agriculture

• स्वधर्मम् (svadharmam) - one's own duty (svadharma), inherent nature

• न (na) - not, no

• अनुतिष्ठन्ति (anutiṣṭhanti) - they perform, they practice, they follow

• ते (te) - those, they

• द्विजाः (dvijāḥ) - referring to members of the three upper social classes (Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas) (twice-born)

• वैश्यताम् (vaiśyatām) - vaiśya-hood, the state of being a merchant/farmer

• गताः (gatāḥ) - gone, attained, reached

Words meanings and morphology

गोषु (goṣu) - referring to reliance on cattle for livelihood (among cows, in cattle, on cattle)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, ox, cattle, ray of light, earth

वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, way of life, conduct

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - livelihood, profession, mode of life, conduct, activity

समाधाय (samādhāya) - having adopted, having fixed, having placed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive

Derived from root dhā with prefixes sam and ā

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: dhā (class 3)

पीताः (pītāḥ) - yellow-colored (symbolic for Vaiśyas) (yellow, fair-complexioned)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pīta

pīta - yellow, pale yellow, fair-complexioned

Past Passive Participle

From root pī (to color, be yellow)

Root: pī (class 1)

कृषि-उपजीविनः (kṛṣi-upajīvinaḥ) - those living by agriculture

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṛṣi-upajīvin

kṛṣi-upajīvin - living by agriculture, subsisting on cultivation

Compound of kṛṣi (agriculture) and upajīvin (living by)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṛṣi+upajīvin)

• kṛṣi – agriculture, cultivation, plowing
  noun (feminine)
• upajīvin – subsisting on, living by, depending on
  adjective
  Agent noun from root jīv with prefix upa
  Prefix: upa
  Root: jīv (class 1)

स्वधर्मम् (svadharmam) - one's own duty (svadharma), inherent nature

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of svadharma

svadharma - one's own duty (dharma), intrinsic nature, personal responsibility

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अनुतिष्ठन्ति (anutiṣṭhanti) - they perform, they practice, they follow

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of sthā

Prefix: anu

Root: sthā (class 1)

ते (te) - those, they

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it

द्विजाः (dvijāḥ) - referring to members of the three upper social classes (Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas) (twice-born)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dvija

dvija - twice-born (a Brahmin, Kshatriya, or Vaishya), bird, tooth

वैश्यताम् (vaiśyatām) - vaiśya-hood, the state of being a merchant/farmer

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vaiśyatā

vaiśyatā - the state of being a vaiśya, merchant or farmer status

गताः (gatāḥ) - gone, attained, reached

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of gata

gata - gone, attained, reached, become

Past Passive Participle

Root: gam (class 1)