महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-59, verse-2

विदुर उवाच ।
दुर्विभाव्यं भवति त्वादृशेन न मन्द संबुध्यसि पाशबद्धः ।
प्रपाते त्वं लम्बमानो न वेत्सि व्याघ्रान्मृगः कोपयसेऽतिबाल्यात् ॥२॥

2. vidura uvāca ,
durvibhāvyaṁ bhavati tvādṛśena; na manda saṁbudhyasi pāśabaddhaḥ ,
prapāte tvaṁ lambamāno na vetsi; vyāghrānmṛgaḥ kopayase'tibālyāt.

2. vidura uvāca | durvibhāvyam bhavati
tvādṛśena na manda sambudhyasi pāśabaddhaḥ
| prapāte tvam lambamānaḥ na vetsi
vyāghrān mṛgaḥ kopayase ati-bālyāt

2. Vidura said: "It is difficult for someone like you to understand; O dull-witted one, you do not realize that you are bound by a snare. You are dangling on the edge of a precipice, yet you do not know it. Like a deer, you are angering tigers out of sheer foolishness."

2. וִידוּרַה אמר: אדם כמוך אינו מבין זאת בקלות, הו טיפש, כי אתה כבול ברשת ואינך יודע. אתה תלוי על שפת תהום ואינך מבין, ומרוב ילדותיות אתה מרגיז נמרים כמו צבי.

Words meanings summery:

• विदुर (vidura) - The wise half-brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, known for his sagacity. (Vidura (name of a minister))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• दुर्विभाव्यम् (durvibhāvyam) - Refers to the situation and its consequences, which Duryodhana fails to grasp. (difficult to understand, hard to perceive, inconceivable)

• भवति (bhavati) - Refers to the difficulty of understanding. (it is, it becomes)

• त्वादृशेन (tvādṛśena) - Emphasizing Duryodhana's lack of understanding due to his nature. (by one like you)

• न (na) - Negates the act of understanding. (not, no)

• मन्द (manda) - Vocative address to Duryodhana, highlighting his lack of intelligence. (O dull-witted, O foolish)

• सम्बुध्यसि (sambudhyasi) - Vidura tells Duryodhana he does not understand his predicament. (you understand, you perceive)

• पाशबद्धः (pāśabaddhaḥ) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is bound by the outcome of the dice game, which is compared to a snare. (bound by a snare/noose, caught)

• प्रपाते (prapāte) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is in a dangerous situation, on the verge of ruin. (on a precipice, at the brink, in a fall)

• त्वम् (tvam) - Refers to Duryodhana. (you)

• लम्बमानः (lambamānaḥ) - Describes Duryodhana's precarious position, like someone hanging over a cliff. (hanging, dangling, suspended)

• न (na) - Negates the act of knowing. (not, no)

• वेत्सि (vetsi) - Duryodhana does not realize his danger. (you know, you understand)

• व्याघ्रान् (vyāghrān) - Refers to the powerful and dangerous Pāṇḍavas, who are being provoked. (tigers (plural, accusative))

• मृगः (mṛgaḥ) - Duryodhana is compared to a foolish deer provoking tigers. (a deer, an animal)

• कोपयसे (kopayase) - Duryodhana is foolishly provoking the Pāṇḍavas. (you anger, you provoke)

• अति-बाल्यात् (ati-bālyāt) - The reason for Duryodhana's dangerous actions. (due to extreme childishness/foolishness)

Words meanings and morphology

विदुर (vidura) - The wise half-brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, known for his sagacity. (Vidura (name of a minister))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidura

vidura - Vidura

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active

reduplicated perfect, root vac takes uvāca as irregular perfect form

Root: vac (class 2)

दुर्विभाव्यम् (durvibhāvyam) - Refers to the situation and its consequences, which Duryodhana fails to grasp. (difficult to understand, hard to perceive, inconceivable)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of durvibhāvya

durvibhāvya - difficult to perceive or understand, inconceivable

Gerundive

from root bhū with upasarga vi and prefix dur, 'that which is difficult to be understood'

Compound type : prādi (dur+vibhāvya)

• dur – bad, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
• vibhāvya – to be perceived, to be understood
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive
  from root bhū with upasarga vi, gerundive form
  Prefix: vi
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a predicate adjective.

भवति (bhavati) - Refers to the difficulty of understanding. (it is, it becomes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Active

root bhū, 3rd person singular present active

Root: bhū (class 1)

त्वादृशेन (tvādṛśena) - Emphasizing Duryodhana's lack of understanding due to his nature. (by one like you)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tvādṛśa

tvādṛśa - like you, similar to you

derived from tvad ('you') and dṛś ('like')

Compound type : tatpurusha (tvad+dṛś)

• tvad – you
  pronoun
• dṛśa – looking like, similar to
  adjective (masculine)
  from root dṛś 'to see'
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Functions as 'by someone like you'.

न (na) - Negates the act of understanding. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

मन्द (manda) - Vocative address to Duryodhana, highlighting his lack of intelligence. (O dull-witted, O foolish)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of manda

manda - slow, dull, foolish, stupid

सम्बुध्यसि (sambudhyasi) - Vidura tells Duryodhana he does not understand his predicament. (you understand, you perceive)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of budh

Present Active

root budh with upasarga sam, 2nd person singular present active

Prefix: sam

Root: budh (class 4)

पाशबद्धः (pāśabaddhaḥ) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is bound by the outcome of the dice game, which is compared to a snare. (bound by a snare/noose, caught)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāśabaddha

pāśabaddha - bound by a rope/snare

Compound type : instrumental tatpurusha (pāśa+baddha)

• pāśa – rope, cord, snare, noose
  noun (masculine)
• baddha – bound, tied, caught
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root bandh 'to bind'
  Root: bandh (class 9)

Note: Agrees with implied 'you' (Duryodhana).

प्रपाते (prapāte) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is in a dangerous situation, on the verge of ruin. (on a precipice, at the brink, in a fall)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of prapāta

prapāta - precipice, steep fall, abyss

Compound type : prādi (pra+pāta)

• pra – forward, onward, forth
  indeclinable
• pāta – falling, a fall
  noun (masculine)
  from root pat 'to fall'
  Root: pat (class 1)

त्वम् (tvam) - Refers to Duryodhana. (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular)

लम्बमानः (lambamānaḥ) - Describes Duryodhana's precarious position, like someone hanging over a cliff. (hanging, dangling, suspended)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of lambamāna

lambamāna - hanging, dangling, suspended

Present Middle Participle

from root lamb 'to hang, to fall'

Root: lamb (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'you' (tvam).

न (na) - Negates the act of knowing. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

वेत्सि (vetsi) - Duryodhana does not realize his danger. (you know, you understand)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Active

root vid (class 2 'to know'), 2nd person singular present active

Root: vid (class 2)

व्याघ्रान् (vyāghrān) - Refers to the powerful and dangerous Pāṇḍavas, who are being provoked. (tigers (plural, accusative))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vyāghra

vyāghra - tiger

Note: Object of 'kopayase'.

मृगः (mṛgaḥ) - Duryodhana is compared to a foolish deer provoking tigers. (a deer, an animal)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mṛga

mṛga - deer, wild animal

Note: Refers to Duryodhana metaphorically.

कोपयसे (kopayase) - Duryodhana is foolishly provoking the Pāṇḍavas. (you anger, you provoke)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of kup

Causative Present Middle

causative stem kopaya- from root kup, 2nd person singular present middle

Root: kup (class 4)

Note: Causative verb, 'you cause to be angry'.

अति-बाल्यात् (ati-bālyāt) - The reason for Duryodhana's dangerous actions. (due to extreme childishness/foolishness)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of ati-bālya

ati-bālya - extreme childishness, great foolishness

Compound type : prādi (ati+bālya)

• ati – excessive, beyond, overmuch
  indeclinable
• bālya – childishness, infancy, folly
  noun (neuter)
  from bāla ('child')

Note: Indicates cause.

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