महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-59, verse-2

विदुर उवाच ।
दुर्विभाव्यं भवति त्वादृशेन न मन्द संबुध्यसि पाशबद्धः ।
प्रपाते त्वं लम्बमानो न वेत्सि व्याघ्रान्मृगः कोपयसेऽतिबाल्यात् ॥२॥

2. vidura uvāca ,
durvibhāvyaṁ bhavati tvādṛśena; na manda saṁbudhyasi pāśabaddhaḥ ,
prapāte tvaṁ lambamāno na vetsi; vyāghrānmṛgaḥ kopayase'tibālyāt.

2. vidura uvāca | durvibhāvyam bhavati
tvādṛśena na manda sambudhyasi pāśabaddhaḥ
| prapāte tvam lambamānaḥ na vetsi
vyāghrān mṛgaḥ kopayase ati-bālyāt

2. Vidura said: "It is difficult for someone like you to understand; O dull-witted one, you do not realize that you are bound by a snare. You are dangling on the edge of a precipice, yet you do not know it. Like a deer, you are angering tigers out of sheer foolishness."

Words meanings summery:

• विदुर (vidura) - The wise half-brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, known for his sagacity. (Vidura (name of a minister))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• दुर्विभाव्यम् (durvibhāvyam) - Refers to the situation and its consequences, which Duryodhana fails to grasp. (difficult to understand, hard to perceive, inconceivable)

• भवति (bhavati) - Refers to the difficulty of understanding. (it is, it becomes)

• त्वादृशेन (tvādṛśena) - Emphasizing Duryodhana's lack of understanding due to his nature. (by one like you)

• न (na) - Negates the act of understanding. (not, no)

• मन्द (manda) - Vocative address to Duryodhana, highlighting his lack of intelligence. (O dull-witted, O foolish)

• सम्बुध्यसि (sambudhyasi) - Vidura tells Duryodhana he does not understand his predicament. (you understand, you perceive)

• पाशबद्धः (pāśabaddhaḥ) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is bound by the outcome of the dice game, which is compared to a snare. (bound by a snare/noose, caught)

• प्रपाते (prapāte) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is in a dangerous situation, on the verge of ruin. (on a precipice, at the brink, in a fall)

• त्वम् (tvam) - Refers to Duryodhana. (you)

• लम्बमानः (lambamānaḥ) - Describes Duryodhana's precarious position, like someone hanging over a cliff. (hanging, dangling, suspended)

• न (na) - Negates the act of knowing. (not, no)

• वेत्सि (vetsi) - Duryodhana does not realize his danger. (you know, you understand)

• व्याघ्रान् (vyāghrān) - Refers to the powerful and dangerous Pāṇḍavas, who are being provoked. (tigers (plural, accusative))

• मृगः (mṛgaḥ) - Duryodhana is compared to a foolish deer provoking tigers. (a deer, an animal)

• कोपयसे (kopayase) - Duryodhana is foolishly provoking the Pāṇḍavas. (you anger, you provoke)

• अति-बाल्यात् (ati-bālyāt) - The reason for Duryodhana's dangerous actions. (due to extreme childishness/foolishness)

Words meanings and morphology

विदुर (vidura) - The wise half-brother of Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, known for his sagacity. (Vidura (name of a minister))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidura

vidura - Vidura

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active

reduplicated perfect, root vac takes uvāca as irregular perfect form

Root: vac (class 2)

दुर्विभाव्यम् (durvibhāvyam) - Refers to the situation and its consequences, which Duryodhana fails to grasp. (difficult to understand, hard to perceive, inconceivable)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of durvibhāvya

durvibhāvya - difficult to perceive or understand, inconceivable

Gerundive

from root bhū with upasarga vi and prefix dur, 'that which is difficult to be understood'

Compound type : prādi (dur+vibhāvya)

• dur – bad, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
• vibhāvya – to be perceived, to be understood
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive
  from root bhū with upasarga vi, gerundive form
  Prefix: vi
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a predicate adjective.

भवति (bhavati) - Refers to the difficulty of understanding. (it is, it becomes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Active

root bhū, 3rd person singular present active

Root: bhū (class 1)

त्वादृशेन (tvādṛśena) - Emphasizing Duryodhana's lack of understanding due to his nature. (by one like you)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tvādṛśa

tvādṛśa - like you, similar to you

derived from tvad ('you') and dṛś ('like')

Compound type : tatpurusha (tvad+dṛś)

• tvad – you
  pronoun
• dṛśa – looking like, similar to
  adjective (masculine)
  from root dṛś 'to see'
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Functions as 'by someone like you'.

न (na) - Negates the act of understanding. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

मन्द (manda) - Vocative address to Duryodhana, highlighting his lack of intelligence. (O dull-witted, O foolish)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of manda

manda - slow, dull, foolish, stupid

सम्बुध्यसि (sambudhyasi) - Vidura tells Duryodhana he does not understand his predicament. (you understand, you perceive)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of budh

Present Active

root budh with upasarga sam, 2nd person singular present active

Prefix: sam

Root: budh (class 4)

पाशबद्धः (pāśabaddhaḥ) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is bound by the outcome of the dice game, which is compared to a snare. (bound by a snare/noose, caught)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāśabaddha

pāśabaddha - bound by a rope/snare

Compound type : instrumental tatpurusha (pāśa+baddha)

• pāśa – rope, cord, snare, noose
  noun (masculine)
• baddha – bound, tied, caught
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root bandh 'to bind'
  Root: bandh (class 9)

Note: Agrees with implied 'you' (Duryodhana).

प्रपाते (prapāte) - Metaphorically, Duryodhana is in a dangerous situation, on the verge of ruin. (on a precipice, at the brink, in a fall)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of prapāta

prapāta - precipice, steep fall, abyss

Compound type : prādi (pra+pāta)

• pra – forward, onward, forth
  indeclinable
• pāta – falling, a fall
  noun (masculine)
  from root pat 'to fall'
  Root: pat (class 1)

त्वम् (tvam) - Refers to Duryodhana. (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular)

लम्बमानः (lambamānaḥ) - Describes Duryodhana's precarious position, like someone hanging over a cliff. (hanging, dangling, suspended)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of lambamāna

lambamāna - hanging, dangling, suspended

Present Middle Participle

from root lamb 'to hang, to fall'

Root: lamb (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'you' (tvam).

न (na) - Negates the act of knowing. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

वेत्सि (vetsi) - Duryodhana does not realize his danger. (you know, you understand)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Active

root vid (class 2 'to know'), 2nd person singular present active

Root: vid (class 2)

व्याघ्रान् (vyāghrān) - Refers to the powerful and dangerous Pāṇḍavas, who are being provoked. (tigers (plural, accusative))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vyāghra

vyāghra - tiger

Note: Object of 'kopayase'.

मृगः (mṛgaḥ) - Duryodhana is compared to a foolish deer provoking tigers. (a deer, an animal)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mṛga

mṛga - deer, wild animal

Note: Refers to Duryodhana metaphorically.

कोपयसे (kopayase) - Duryodhana is foolishly provoking the Pāṇḍavas. (you anger, you provoke)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of kup

Causative Present Middle

causative stem kopaya- from root kup, 2nd person singular present middle

Root: kup (class 4)

Note: Causative verb, 'you cause to be angry'.

अति-बाल्यात् (ati-bālyāt) - The reason for Duryodhana's dangerous actions. (due to extreme childishness/foolishness)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of ati-bālya

ati-bālya - extreme childishness, great foolishness

Compound type : prādi (ati+bālya)

• ati – excessive, beyond, overmuch
  indeclinable
• bālya – childishness, infancy, folly
  noun (neuter)
  from bāla ('child')

Note: Indicates cause.