महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-47, verse-5

तपः प्रदीप इत्याहुराचारो धर्मसाधकः ।
ज्ञानं त्वेव परं विद्म संन्यासस्तप उत्तमम् ॥५॥

5. tapaḥ pradīpa ityāhurācāro dharmasādhakaḥ ,
jñānaṁ tveva paraṁ vidma saṁnyāsastapa uttamam.

5. tapaḥ pradīpaḥ iti āhuḥ ācāraḥ dharmasādhakaḥ
jñānam tu eva param vidma saṃnyāsaḥ tapaḥ uttamam

5. They declare that spiritual discipline (tapas) is like a lamp, and good conduct facilitates the establishment of natural law (dharma). But we know knowledge itself to be supreme, and renunciation (saṃnyāsa) is the highest form of spiritual discipline (tapas).

Words meanings summery:

• तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual discipline (tapas) (spiritual discipline, austerity, penance)

• प्रदीपः (pradīpaḥ) - a lamp (lamp, light, beacon)

• इति (iti) - thus (thus, so, in this way, (marks direct quote))

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare (they say, they declare)

• आचारः (ācāraḥ) - good conduct (conduct, custom, tradition, good behavior)

• धर्मसाधकः (dharmasādhakaḥ) - facilitates the establishment of natural law (dharma) (accomplishing dharma, fulfilling religious duty)

• ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (knowledge, wisdom)

• तु (tu) - but (but, on the other hand, indeed)

• एव (eva) - itself, certainly (only, just, indeed, certainly)

• परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, ultimate)

• विद्म (vidma) - we know

• संन्यासः (saṁnyāsaḥ) - renunciation (saṃnyāsa) (renunciation, abandonment)

• तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual discipline (tapas) (spiritual discipline, austerity)

• उत्तमम् (uttamam) - the highest (highest, best, excellent)

Words meanings and morphology

तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual discipline (tapas) (spiritual discipline, austerity, penance)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - spiritual discipline, austerity, penance, heat

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

प्रदीपः (pradīpaḥ) - a lamp (lamp, light, beacon)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pradīpa

pradīpa - lamp, light, illuminating, excellent

From pra-dīp (to shine forth).

Prefix: pra

Root: dīp (class 4)

Note: Predicate nominative.

इति (iti) - thus (thus, so, in this way, (marks direct quote))

(indeclinable)

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare (they say, they declare)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (lit) of vac

Irregular form. From root vac, often substituted by brū.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Equivalent to vadanti.

आचारः (ācāraḥ) - good conduct (conduct, custom, tradition, good behavior)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ācāra

ācāra - custom, practice, rule, conduct, good behavior

From ā-car (to practice, behave).

Prefix: ā

Root: car (class 1)

Note: Subject of the second clause.

धर्मसाधकः (dharmasādhakaḥ) - facilitates the establishment of natural law (dharma) (accomplishing dharma, fulfilling religious duty)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmasādhaka

dharmasādhaka - accomplishing dharma, instrumental in fulfilling duty

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+sādhaka)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness
  noun (masculine)
  from dhṛ (to uphold)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• sādhaka – accomplishing, effecting, an agent, instrument
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun/adjective
  from sādh (to accomplish)
  Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Predicate adjective, agrees with ācāraḥ.

ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (knowledge, wisdom)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of jñāna

jñāna - knowledge, wisdom, understanding

From root jñā (to know).

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Object of vidma.

तु (tu) - but (but, on the other hand, indeed)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - itself, certainly (only, just, indeed, certainly)

(indeclinable)

परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, ultimate)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of parama

parama - highest, supreme, principal, excellent, ultimate

Superlative form of pra.

विद्म (vidma) - we know

(verb)

1st person , plural, active, present indicative (laṭ) of vid

Root verb, 1st person plural present indicative (Atmanepada or archaic form).

Root: vid (class 2)

संन्यासः (saṁnyāsaḥ) - renunciation (saṃnyāsa) (renunciation, abandonment)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃnyāsa

saṁnyāsa - renunciation, abandonment, asceticism

From saṃ-ni-as (to throw down, abandon).

Prefixes: sam+ni

Root: as (class 4)

Note: Subject.

तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual discipline (tapas) (spiritual discipline, austerity)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - spiritual discipline, austerity, penance, heat

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: In apposition to or predicate of saṃnyāsaḥ.

उत्तमम् (uttamam) - the highest (highest, best, excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of uttama

uttama - highest, best, supreme, excellent, last

Superlative of ud.