महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-121, verse-20

सुखादेव परं दुःखं दुःखादन्यत्परं सुखम् ।
दृश्यते हि महाप्राज्ञ नियतं वै स्वभावतः ॥२०॥

20. sukhādeva paraṁ duḥkhaṁ duḥkhādanyatparaṁ sukham ,
dṛśyate hi mahāprājña niyataṁ vai svabhāvataḥ.

20. sukhāt eva param duḥkham duḥkhāt anyat param sukham
dṛśyate hi mahāprājña niyatam vai svabhāvataḥ

20. mahāprājña hi sukhāt eva param duḥkham duḥkhāt
anyat param sukham dṛśyate niyatam vai svabhāvataḥ

20. From happiness itself arises supreme sorrow, and from sorrow, in turn, supreme happiness. This is indeed invariably observed, O great sage, by the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) of things.

Words meanings summery:

• सुखात् (sukhāt) - from happiness

• एव (eva) - itself (emphatic) (only, just, indeed)

• परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, excellent)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, sorrow (suffering, pain, misery)

• दुःखात् (duḥkhāt) - from suffering (from suffering, from pain)

• अन्यत् (anyat) - something else, different (other, different, another)

• परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, excellent)

• सुखम् (sukham) - happiness (happiness, pleasure)

• दृश्यते (dṛśyate) - is seen, observed (is seen, appears)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, because)

• महाप्राज्ञ (mahāprājña) - O great sage (addressing the listener) (O great sage, O very wise one)

• नियतम् (niyatam) - invariably (constant, fixed, invariable, certainly)

• वै (vai) - certainly (indeed, certainly)

• स्वभावतः (svabhāvataḥ) - by the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) of things (by nature, by intrinsic nature)

Words meanings and morphology

सुखात् (sukhāt) - from happiness

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of sukha

sukha - happiness, pleasure, ease, comfort

Note: Expresses source or cause.

एव (eva) - itself (emphatic) (only, just, indeed)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of para

para - other, supreme, highest, excellent

Note: Modifies 'duḥkham'.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, sorrow (suffering, pain, misery)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow

Note: Subject of implied verb 'arises'.

दुःखात् (duḥkhāt) - from suffering (from suffering, from pain)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow

Note: Expresses source or cause.

अन्यत् (anyat) - something else, different (other, different, another)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of anya

anya - other, another, different

Note: Functions as a noun here, 'something else'.

परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of para

para - other, supreme, highest, excellent

Note: Modifies 'sukham'.

सुखम् (sukham) - happiness (happiness, pleasure)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sukha

sukha - happiness, pleasure, ease, comfort

Note: Subject of implied verb 'arises'.

दृश्यते (dṛśyate) - is seen, observed (is seen, appears)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of dṛś

Present Tense

Root verb 'dṛś' (to see) in present tense, 3rd person singular, passive voice.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, because)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

महाप्राज्ञ (mahāprājña) - O great sage (addressing the listener) (O great sage, O very wise one)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahāprājña

mahāprājña - very wise, great sage

Compound of mahā (great) + prājña (wise)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+prājña)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective (masculine)
• prājña – wise, intelligent, knowing
  adjective (masculine)
  From pra- + √jñā (to know)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: jñā (class 9)

नियतम् (niyatam) - invariably (constant, fixed, invariable, certainly)

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle

From ni- + √yam (to restrain, fix)

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Adverbially modifying 'dṛśyate'.

वै (vai) - certainly (indeed, certainly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

स्वभावतः (svabhāvataḥ) - by the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) of things (by nature, by intrinsic nature)

(indeclinable)

From sva (own) + bhāva (state, being) with suffix -tas (from, by way of)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (sva+bhāva)

• sva – own, self
  pronoun (masculine)
• bhāva – state, condition, being, nature, sentiment
  noun (masculine)
  From √bhū (to be, become)
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Derived from ablative suffix -tas, meaning 'by nature'.