महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-5, verse-12

भीष्मावमानात्संख्यायां रथानामर्धकीर्तनात् ।
शल्यात्तेजोवधाच्चापि वासुदेवनयेन च ॥१२॥

12. bhīṣmāvamānātsaṁkhyāyāṁ rathānāmardhakīrtanāt ,
śalyāttejovadhāccāpi vāsudevanayena ca.

12. bhīṣmāvamānāt saṃkhyāyām rathānām ardhakīrtanāt
śalyāt tejovadhāt ca api vāsudevanayena ca

12. saḥ nihataḥ bhīṣmāvamānāt saṃkhyāyām rathānām
ardhakīrtanāt śalyāt tejovadhāt ca api vāsudevanayena ca

12. (He was defeated) due to the disrespect shown to Bhishma, due to his being counted as only half a charioteer in the enumeration of warriors, due to the destruction of his valor by Śalya, and also by the strategy of Vāsudeva (Krishna).

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मावमानात् (bhīṣmāvamānāt) - due to the disrespect shown by Karna towards Bhishma (from the disrespect of Bhishma, due to the insult to Bhishma)

• संख्यायाम् (saṁkhyāyām) - in the count, in the enumeration, in calculation

• रथानाम् (rathānām) - of charioteers (referring to the warriors fighting on chariots) (of chariots, of charioteers)

• अर्धकीर्तनात् (ardhakīrtanāt) - due to being declared as only half a charioteer (by Bhishma) (from the half-mention, due to being counted as half)

• शल्यात् (śalyāt) - from Śalya, by Śalya

• तेजोवधात् (tejovadhāt) - due to the destruction of Karna's valor and confidence by Śalya (from the destruction of splendor/valor, due to the diminishing of glory)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• वासुदेवनयेन (vāsudevanayena) - by the strategic actions/guidance of Vāsudeva (Krishna) (by the policy of Vāsudeva, by the strategy of Krishna)

• च (ca) - and, also

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मावमानात् (bhīṣmāvamānāt) - due to the disrespect shown by Karna towards Bhishma (from the disrespect of Bhishma, due to the insult to Bhishma)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of bhīṣmāvamāna

bhīṣmāvamāna - disrespect towards Bhishma

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (bhīṣma+avamāna)

• bhīṣma – Bhishma (grandfather figure in the Mahabharata)
  proper noun (masculine)
• avamāna – disrespect, insult, contempt, humiliation
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: ava
  Root: man (class 4)

Note: The context refers to Karna's refusal to fight while Bhishma was commander.

संख्यायाम् (saṁkhyāyām) - in the count, in the enumeration, in calculation

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of saṃkhyā

saṁkhyā - number, enumeration, calculation, census

Prefix: sam

Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Refers to the context of counting warriors.

रथानाम् (rathānām) - of charioteers (referring to the warriors fighting on chariots) (of chariots, of charioteers)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of ratha

ratha - chariot, car, warrior fighting on a chariot (charioteer)

Note: Qualifies ardhakīrtanāt.

अर्धकीर्तनात् (ardhakīrtanāt) - due to being declared as only half a charioteer (by Bhishma) (from the half-mention, due to being counted as half)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of ardhakīrtana

ardhakīrtana - mentioning as half, counting as half, half-declaration

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ardha+kīrtana)

• ardha – half, a part, portion
  noun (masculine)
• kīrtana – mentioning, proclaiming, describing
  noun (neuter)
  Root: kīrt (class 10)

Note: Refers to Bhishma declaring Karna as "ardha-ratha" (half-charioteer) and thus diminishing his status.

शल्यात् (śalyāt) - from Śalya, by Śalya

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - Śalya (Karna's charioteer, who constantly demoralized him)

Note: Source of tejovadhāt.

तेजोवधात् (tejovadhāt) - due to the destruction of Karna's valor and confidence by Śalya (from the destruction of splendor/valor, due to the diminishing of glory)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of tejovadha

tejovadha - destruction of brilliance/valor, diminishing of glory

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (tejas+vadha)

• tejas – splendor, brilliance, valor, fiery energy
  noun (neuter)
• vadha – killing, striking, destruction
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Refers to Śalya's constant demoralization of Karna.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects tejovadhāt and nayena.

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the preceding reason.

वासुदेवनयेन (vāsudevanayena) - by the strategic actions/guidance of Vāsudeva (Krishna) (by the policy of Vāsudeva, by the strategy of Krishna)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vāsudevanaya

vāsudevanaya - policy/strategy of Vāsudeva

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (vāsudeva+naya)

• vāsudeva – son of Vasudeva, Krishna
  proper noun (masculine)
  patronymic from Vasudeva
• naya – policy, conduct, strategy, guidance
  noun (masculine)
  Root: nī (class 1)

Note: Refers to Krishna's overall guidance in ensuring Karna's defeat.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Final ca connects all the ablative reasons.