महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-265, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
कथं भवति पापात्मा कथं धर्मं करोति वा ।
केन निर्वेदमादत्ते मोक्षं वा केन गच्छति ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
kathaṁ bhavati pāpātmā kathaṁ dharmaṁ karoti vā ,
kena nirvedamādatte mokṣaṁ vā kena gacchati.

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca katham bhavati pāpātmā katham dharmam
karoti vā kena nirvedam ādatte mokṣam vā kena gacchati

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca: katham pāpātmā bhavati? katham vā dharmam
karoti? kena nirvedam ādatte? vā kena mokṣam gacchati?

1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: How does one become a sinful person? Or how does one practice righteousness (dharma)? By what means does one achieve detachment (nirveda)? Or by what means does one attain liberation (mokṣa)?

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke, said

• कथम् (katham) - how

• भवति (bhavati) - becomes, exists

• पापात्मा (pāpātmā) - a sinful person, one with an evil nature

• कथम् (katham) - how

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteousness, natural law, duty

• करोति (karoti) - performs, does, makes

• वा (vā) - or

• केन (kena) - by what, by whom, by what means

• निर्वेदम् (nirvedam) - detachment, disillusionment, spiritual indifference

• आदत्ते (ādatte) - obtains, takes, receives

• मोक्षम् (mokṣam) - liberation, emancipation, freedom

• वा (vā) - or

• केन (kena) - by what, by what means

• गच्छति (gacchati) - goes, attains

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava brother)

Literally 'firm in battle' (yudhi + sthira).

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke, said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how

(indeclinable)

भवति (bhavati) - becomes, exists

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

पापात्मा (pāpātmā) - a sinful person, one with an evil nature

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāpātman

pāpātman - sinful soul, evil-minded, one with a sinful nature

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pāpa+ātman)

• pāpa – sin, evil, bad
  noun (neuter)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, nature, essence
  noun (masculine)

कथम् (katham) - how

(indeclinable)

धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteousness, natural law, duty

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, constitution, righteousness, duty, virtue, custom

Derived from root dhṛ (to uphold, support).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

करोति (karoti) - performs, does, makes

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

केन (kena) - by what, by whom, by what means

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which (interrogative pronoun)

निर्वेदम् (nirvedam) - detachment, disillusionment, spiritual indifference

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nirveda

nirveda - detachment, disillusionment, indifference, weariness of the world

Derived from root vid (to know) with upasarga nir-.

Prefix: nir

Root: vid (class 6)

आदत्ते (ādatte) - obtains, takes, receives

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of ā-dā

Prefix: ā

Root: dā (class 3)

मोक्षम् (mokṣam) - liberation, emancipation, freedom

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mokṣa

mokṣa - liberation, emancipation, freedom from saṃsāra

Derived from root muc (to free, release).

Root: muc (class 6)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

केन (kena) - by what, by what means

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which (interrogative pronoun)

गच्छति (gacchati) - goes, attains

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of gam

Root: gam (class 1)