महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-58, verse-3

तान्प्रकीर्णपताकेन रथेनादित्यवर्चसा ।
प्रत्युद्ययौ महाराज समस्तान्वानरध्वजः ॥३॥

3. tānprakīrṇapatākena rathenādityavarcasā ,
pratyudyayau mahārāja samastānvānaradhvajaḥ.

3. tān prakīrṇa-patākena rathena āditya-varcasā
pratyudyayau mahārāja samastān vānara-dhvajaḥ

3. O great king, the one with the monkey banner (Arjuna) advanced to meet all of them with his chariot, which bore a fluttering banner and shone with sun-like splendor.

Words meanings summery:

• तान् (tān) - them, those

• प्रकीर्ण-पताकेन (prakīrṇa-patākena) - with a flying banner, with an unfurled standard

• रथेन (rathena) - by the chariot, with the chariot

• आदित्य-वर्चसा (āditya-varcasā) - with sun-like splendor, with the brilliance of the sun

• प्रत्युद्ययौ (pratyudyayau) - he went forth to meet, he counter-attacked

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

• समस्तान् (samastān) - all, complete, entire

• वानर-ध्वजः (vānara-dhvajaḥ) - the one with the monkey banner (Arjuna)

Words meanings and morphology

तान् (tān) - them, those

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Object of 'pratyudyayau'. Refers to the warriors mentioned in previous verses.

प्रकीर्ण-पताकेन (prakīrṇa-patākena) - with a flying banner, with an unfurled standard

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of prakīrṇa-patāka

prakīrṇa-patāka - having a flying banner, with an unfurled standard

Bahuvrihi compound: `prakīrṇa` (scattered, spread out, flying - PPP of `pra-kṛ`) + `patāka` (banner, flag). 'That whose banner is flying.'

Compound type : bahuvrihi (prakīrṇa+patāka)

• prakīrṇa – scattered, spread out, flying, unfurled
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `kṛ` (to scatter) with prefix `pra` (forth).
  Prefix: pra
  Root: kṛ (class 6)
• patāka – banner, flag, standard
  noun (masculine/neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'rathena'.

रथेन (rathena) - by the chariot, with the chariot

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot

Root: rath (class 1)

Note: Instrument of action.

आदित्य-वर्चसा (āditya-varcasā) - with sun-like splendor, with the brilliance of the sun

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of āditya-varcas

āditya-varcas - sun-like splendor, brilliance of the sun

Bahuvrihi compound: `āditya` (sun) + `varcas` (splendor). 'That which has the splendor of the sun.'

Compound type : bahuvrihi (āditya+varcas)

• āditya – sun, son of Aditi
  noun (masculine)
• varcas – splendor, brilliance, light, energy
  noun (neuter)
  From root `vṛc` (to shine).
  Root: vṛc

Note: Agrees with 'rathena'.

प्रत्युद्ययौ (pratyudyayau) - he went forth to meet, he counter-attacked

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of pratyudyā

Perfect tense

From root `yā` (to go) with prefixes `prati` (against) and `ud` (up, forth). 3rd person singular, perfect tense.

Prefixes: prati+ud

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the sentence. Subject is 'vānara-dhvajaḥ'.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Compound: `mahā` (great) + `rāja` (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rājan)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

समस्तान् (samastān) - all, complete, entire

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of samasta

samasta - all, entire, complete, joined, collected

Past Passive Participle

From root `as` (to throw, be) with prefix `sam` (together), implying 'collected together'.

Prefix: sam

Root: as (class 4)

Note: Modifies 'tān'.

वानर-ध्वजः (vānara-dhvajaḥ) - the one with the monkey banner (Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vānara-dhvaja

vānara-dhvaja - having a monkey banner (epithet of Arjuna)

Bahuvrihi compound: `vānara` (monkey) + `dhvaja` (banner, flag). 'He whose banner is a monkey.'

Compound type : bahuvrihi (vānara+dhvaja)

• vānara – monkey
  noun (masculine)
• dhvaja – banner, flag, standard
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of 'pratyudyayau'.