महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-47, verse-2

कथं हि राजा पुत्रं स्वमुपेक्षेताल्पचेतसम् ।
दुर्योधनं पाण्डुपुत्रान्कोपयानं महारथान् ॥२॥

2. kathaṁ hi rājā putraṁ svamupekṣetālpacetasam ,
duryodhanaṁ pāṇḍuputrānkopayānaṁ mahārathān.

2. katham hi rājā putram svam upekṣeta alpacetasam
duryodhanam pāṇḍuputrān kopayānam mahārathān

2. Indeed, how could the king neglect his own foolish son Duryodhana, who was provoking the Pāṇḍavas, those great warriors?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

• हि (hi) - surely, indeed, for, because

• राजा (rājā) - king

• पुत्रम् (putram) - son

• स्वम् (svam) - his own, one's own

• उपेक्षेत (upekṣeta) - would neglect, should neglect, would disregard

• अल्पचेतसम् (alpacetasam) - of little intelligence, foolish, ignorant

• दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

• पाण्डुपुत्रान् (pāṇḍuputrān) - the sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

• कोपयानम् (kopayānam) - causing to be angry, provoking

• महारथान् (mahārathān) - the great charioteers/warriors

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

Note: Interrogative particle.

हि (hi) - surely, indeed, for, because

(indeclinable)

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj

Note: Subject of 'upekṣeta'.

पुत्रम् (putram) - son

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

स्वम् (svam) - his own, one's own

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sva

sva - one's own, self

Reflexive possessive adjective.

Note: Adjective modifying 'putram'.

उपेक्षेत (upekṣeta) - would neglect, should neglect, would disregard

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of upekṣ

Optative middle, 3rd person singular.

From root 'īkṣ' (to see) with prefix 'upa'.

Prefix: upa

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

अल्पचेतसम् (alpacetasam) - of little intelligence, foolish, ignorant

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of alpacetas

alpacetas - having little mind/intelligence, foolish, narrow-minded

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (alpa+cetas)

• alpa – little, small, few
  adjective
• cetas – mind, intelligence, consciousness
  noun (neuter)
  's'-stem noun.
  Root: cit

दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (eldest son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

Compound 'dur' (difficult) and 'yodhana' (to fight) meaning 'difficult to fight against'.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dur+yodhana)

• dur – bad, difficult, ill
  prefix
• yodhana – fighting, warrior
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  From root 'yudh' (to fight).
  Root: yudh (class 4)

पाण्डुपुत्रान् (pāṇḍuputrān) - the sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍuputra

pāṇḍuputra - son of Pāṇḍu; Pāṇḍava

Compound of 'Pāṇḍu' (father's name) and 'putra' (son).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pāṇḍu+putra)

• pāṇḍu – Pāṇḍu (name of the father of the Pāṇḍavas)
  proper noun (masculine)
• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)

कोपयानम् (kopayānam) - causing to be angry, provoking

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kopayāna

kopayāna - causing to be angry, provoking, enraging

Present Active Participle (Causative)

From causative stem 'kopaya' of root 'kup' (to be angry) + 'śānac' suffix.

Root: kup (class 4)

Note: It describes Duryodhana as the one *provoking* the Pāṇḍavas.

महारथान् (mahārathān) - the great charioteers/warriors

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of mahāratha

mahāratha - great charioteer, mighty warrior, one who can fight a thousand warriors

Compound of 'mahat' (great) and 'ratha' (chariot/warrior).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+ratha)

• mahat – great, large, mighty
  adjective
  't'-stem adjective. The 't' often changes to 'ā' in compounds ('mahā').
• ratha – chariot, warrior (one who fights from a chariot)
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'ram' (to delight) + 'tha' suffix (instrument).
  Root: ram