महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-28, verse-5

अविलोपमिच्छतां ब्राह्मणानां प्रायश्चित्तं विहितं यद्विधात्रा ।
आपद्यथाकर्मसु वर्तमानान्विकर्मस्थान्संजय गर्हयेत ॥५॥

5. avilopamicchatāṁ brāhmaṇānāṁ; prāyaścittaṁ vihitaṁ yadvidhātrā ,
āpadyathākarmasu vartamānā;nvikarmasthānsaṁjaya garhayeta.

5. avilopam icchatām brāhmaṇānām
prāyaścittam vihitam yat vidhātrā
| āpadi yathākarmasu vartamānān
vikarmasthān saṃjaya garhayet

5. For Brahmins who desire the non-loss of their natural law (dharma), penance is prescribed by the Creator. O Sanjaya, one should condemn those who, even while acting according to their duties during a calamity, are engaged in forbidden actions (vikarma).

Words meanings summery:

• अविलोपम् (avilopam) - non-loss (of dharma) (non-destruction, non-loss, non-violation)

• इच्छताम् (icchatām) - for those desiring (of those desiring, for those wishing)

• ब्राह्मणानाम् (brāhmaṇānām) - for Brahmins (of Brahmins)

• प्रायश्चित्तम् (prāyaścittam) - penance (penance, expiation, atonement)

• विहितम् (vihitam) - prescribed, ordained (prescribed, ordained, performed, arranged)

• यत् (yat) - which (penance) (which, what)

• विधात्रा (vidhātrā) - by the Creator (by the creator, by the ordainer)

• आपदि (āpadi) - during a calamity (in calamity, in distress, in misfortune)

• यथाकर्मसु (yathākarmasu) - according to their (prescribed) duties (according to their actions, according to their duties)

• वर्तमानान् (vartamānān) - those who are acting (those who are being, those who are existing, those who are acting)

• विकर्मस्थान् (vikarmasthān) - those who are engaged in forbidden actions (vikarma) (those who are in forbidden actions, those who commit forbidden acts)

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya (O Sanjaya (proper noun))

• गर्हयेत् (garhayet) - one should condemn (one should condemn, one should blame)

Words meanings and morphology

अविलोपम् (avilopam) - non-loss (of dharma) (non-destruction, non-loss, non-violation)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of avilopa

avilopa - non-destruction, non-loss, non-violation, unimpaired

Derived from a- (negation) + vi- √lup (to break, destroy).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (a+vilopa)

• a – not, non
  indeclinable
  Negating prefix.
• vilopa – destruction, loss, violation
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from vi-√lup.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: lup (class 6)

Note: Object of 'icchatām'.

इच्छताम् (icchatām) - for those desiring (of those desiring, for those wishing)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of icchat

icchat - desiring, wishing

Present Active Participle

Derived from root √iṣ (to wish, desire) with present participle suffix.

Root: iṣ (class 6)

Note: Qualifies 'brāhmaṇānām'.

ब्राह्मणानाम् (brāhmaṇānām) - for Brahmins (of Brahmins)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, member of the priestly class

Derived from brahman.

Note: Dative sense in context.

प्रायश्चित्तम् (prāyaścittam) - penance (penance, expiation, atonement)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of prāyaścitta

prāyaścitta - penance, expiation, atonement

Note: Subject of 'vihitam'.

विहितम् (vihitam) - prescribed, ordained (prescribed, ordained, performed, arranged)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vihita

vihita - prescribed, ordained, performed, arranged, established

Past Passive Participle

Derived from vi- √dhā (to place, arrange, prescribe).

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'prāyaścittam'.

यत् (yat) - which (penance) (which, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what

Note: Refers to 'prāyaścittam'.

विधात्रा (vidhātrā) - by the Creator (by the creator, by the ordainer)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vidhātṛ

vidhātṛ - creator, ordainer, disposer, Brahma

Agent noun

Derived from vi- √dhā (to place, arrange, prescribe).

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Agent of 'vihitam'.

आपदि (āpadi) - during a calamity (in calamity, in distress, in misfortune)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of āpad

āpad - calamity, distress, misfortune, emergency

Derived from ā- √pad (to fall into, to undergo).

Prefix: ā

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Time/circumstance.

यथाकर्मसु (yathākarmasu) - according to their (prescribed) duties (according to their actions, according to their duties)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of yathākarma

yathākarma - according to one's actions, according to one's duty

Compound type : avyayibhāva (yathā+karma)

• yathā – as, according to
  indeclinable
• karman – action, deed, duty
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root √kṛ.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Compound with locative plural ending.

वर्तमानान् (vartamānān) - those who are acting (those who are being, those who are existing, those who are acting)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vartamāna

vartamāna - being, existing, present, acting, engaged in

Present Active Participle

Derived from √vṛt (to be, exist, turn) with present participle suffix.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Object of 'garhayet', qualified by 'āpadi yathākarmasu'.

विकर्मस्थान् (vikarmasthān) - those who are engaged in forbidden actions (vikarma) (those who are in forbidden actions, those who commit forbidden acts)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vikarmastha

vikarmastha - standing in forbidden actions, engaged in evil deeds

Compound type : tatpurusha (vikarma+stha)

• vikarma – forbidden action, improper act, sin
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from vi- (negation/opposite) + karman.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• stha – standing, staying, abiding, situated in
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/adjective from root
  Derived from √sthā (to stand, stay).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Co-referent with 'vartamānān', further specifying the condemned group.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya (O Sanjaya (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhritarashtra's charioteer)

Note: Address.

गर्हयेत् (garhayet) - one should condemn (one should condemn, one should blame)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of garhay

Denominative or causative verb

Derived from √garh (to blame) in the causative/denominative form.

Root: garh (class 1)

Note: Implied subject (one).