महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-153, verse-2

भीष्म उवाच ।
करोति पापं योऽज्ञानान्नात्मनो वेत्ति च क्षमम् ।
प्रद्वेष्टि साधुवृत्तांश्च स लोकस्यैति वाच्यताम् ॥२॥

2. bhīṣma uvāca ,
karoti pāpaṁ yo'jñānānnātmano vetti ca kṣamam ,
pradveṣṭi sādhuvṛttāṁśca sa lokasyaiti vācyatām.

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca karoti pāpam yaḥ ajñānāt na ātmanaḥ vetti ca
kṣamam pradveṣṭi sādhuvṛttān ca saḥ lokasya eti vācyatām

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca yaḥ ajñānāt pāpam karoti ca ātmanaḥ kṣamam
na vetti ca sādhuvṛttān pradveṣṭi saḥ lokasya vācyatām eti

2. Bhishma said: 'The person who commits sin out of ignorance (ajñāna), and does not know what is beneficial for their own self (ātman), and furthermore detests those of virtuous conduct, that person incurs the censure of the people.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

• करोति (karoti) - commits (he does, he makes, he acts)

• पापम् (pāpam) - sin (sin, evil, bad deed, wicked act)

• यः (yaḥ) - the person who (who, which, that (relative pronoun))

• अज्ञानात् (ajñānāt) - out of ignorance (ajñāna) (from ignorance, out of ignorance)

• न (na) - not (not, no, nor)

• आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - for their own self (ātman) (of the self, of oneself)

• वेत्ति (vetti) - knows (he knows, he understands)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• क्षमम् (kṣamam) - what is beneficial (proper, fitting, beneficial, capable, patient)

• प्रद्वेष्टि (pradveṣṭi) - detests (he hates, he detests, he is hostile)

• साधुवृत्तान् (sādhuvṛttān) - those of virtuous conduct (those of virtuous conduct, good-natured)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सः (saḥ) - that person (he, that (demonstrative pronoun))

• लोकस्य (lokasya) - of the people (of the world, of the people)

• एति (eti) - incurs/attains (he goes, he attains, he reaches)

• वाच्यताम् (vācyatām) - censure (blameworthiness, censure, infamy, state of being spoken about)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - formidable, terrible (proper name of a Kuru warrior, son of Ganga and Shantanu)

From root bhī- 'to fear', with suffix -sma.

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense (Liṭ)

From root vac- 'to speak'. Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active.

Root: vac (class 2)

करोति (karoti) - commits (he does, he makes, he acts)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of kṛ

Present, 3rd person, singular, active.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

पापम् (pāpam) - sin (sin, evil, bad deed, wicked act)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pāpa

pāpa - sin, evil, wickedness, bad, wicked

यः (yaḥ) - the person who (who, which, that (relative pronoun))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

Relative pronoun.

अज्ञानात् (ajñānāt) - out of ignorance (ajñāna) (from ignorance, out of ignorance)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of ajñāna

ajñāna - ignorance, nescience

Nañ-tatpuruṣa compound: a- + jñāna.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jñāna)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• jñāna – knowledge, wisdom, understanding
  noun (neuter)
  From root jñā- 'to know'
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Specifies the reason for committing sin.

न (na) - not (not, no, nor)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - for their own self (ātman) (of the self, of oneself)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, spirit, essential nature, individual self, Supreme Self

From root an- 'to breathe'.

Root: an (class 2)

Note: Expresses possession or relation to kṣamam.

वेत्ति (vetti) - knows (he knows, he understands)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present, 3rd person, singular, active. (Root 2P).

Root: vid (class 2)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

क्षमम् (kṣamam) - what is beneficial (proper, fitting, beneficial, capable, patient)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kṣama

kṣama - capable, able, proper, beneficial, fit, patient, lenient

From root kṣam- 'to be patient, to endure'.

Root: kṣam (class 1)

प्रद्वेष्टि (pradveṣṭi) - detests (he hates, he detests, he is hostile)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of pradviṣ

Present, 3rd person, singular, active.

Prefix: pra

Root: dviṣ (class 2)

साधुवृत्तान् (sādhuvṛttān) - those of virtuous conduct (those of virtuous conduct, good-natured)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sādhuvṛtta

sādhuvṛtta - of virtuous conduct, well-behaved, righteous

Bahuvrīhi compound (sādhu vṛttam eṣām).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sādhu+vṛtta)

• sādhu – good, virtuous, righteous, upright
  adjective (masculine)
• vṛtta – conduct, behavior, deed, happened
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root vṛt- 'to be, exist'
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Object of pradveṣṭi.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - that person (he, that (demonstrative pronoun))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject of eti.

लोकस्य (lokasya) - of the people (of the world, of the people)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, people, mankind, realm

From root lok- 'to see'.

Root: lok (class 1)

Note: Indicates the source of blame.

एति (eti) - incurs/attains (he goes, he attains, he reaches)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of i

Present, 3rd person, singular, active. (Root 2P).

Root: i (class 2)

वाच्यताम् (vācyatām) - censure (blameworthiness, censure, infamy, state of being spoken about)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vācyatā

vācyatā - blameworthiness, reproach, state of being spoken (ill) of, infamy

From vācya (blamable) + suffix -tā (abstract noun).