महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-153, verse-11

कथं द्रोणान्महेष्वासात्सर्वाण्यस्त्राण्यशिक्षत ।
कथं प्रियसखायौ तौ भिन्नौ कस्य कृतेन च ॥११॥

11. kathaṁ droṇānmaheṣvāsātsarvāṇyastrāṇyaśikṣata ,
kathaṁ priyasakhāyau tau bhinnau kasya kṛtena ca.

11. katham droṇāt maheṣvāsāt sarvāṇi astrāṇi aśikṣata
| katham priyasakhāyau tau bhinnau kasya kṛtena ca

11. How did they learn all the weapons from Drona, the great archer? And how did those two dear friends become estranged, and for whose sake?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

• द्रोणात् (droṇāt) - from the teacher Drona (from Drona)

• महेष्वासात् (maheṣvāsāt) - from the great archer (Drona) (from the great archer)

• सर्वाणि (sarvāṇi) - all (all, every)

• अस्त्राणि (astrāṇi) - weapons (weapons, missiles)

• अशिक्षत (aśikṣata) - they learned (they learned, they studied)

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

• प्रियसखायौ (priyasakhāyau) - those two dear friends (two dear friends)

• तौ (tau) - those two

• भिन्नौ (bhinnau) - estranged, divided (divided, broken, separated, estranged)

• कस्य (kasya) - whose (whose, of what, for whom)

• कृतेन (kṛtena) - for the sake of (by the action, for the sake of, on account of)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)

द्रोणात् (droṇāt) - from the teacher Drona (from Drona)

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (name of a teacher of archery), a bucket, a measure of capacity

महेष्वासात् (maheṣvāsāt) - from the great archer (Drona) (from the great archer)

(adjective)

Ablative, masculine, singular of maheṣvāsa

maheṣvāsa - great archer, one whose bow is mighty

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+iṣvāsa)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• iṣvāsa – archer, bowman
  noun (masculine)

सर्वाणि (sarvāṇi) - all (all, every)

(pronoun)

neuter, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, complete

अस्त्राणि (astrāṇi) - weapons (weapons, missiles)

(noun)

neuter, plural of astra

astra - weapon, missile, dart

अशिक्षत (aśikṣata) - they learned (they learned, they studied)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, imperfect (laṅ) of śikṣ

Root: śikṣ (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)

प्रियसखायौ (priyasakhāyau) - those two dear friends (two dear friends)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of priyasakha

priyasakha - dear friend, beloved companion

Compound type : karmadhāraya (priya+sakha)

• priya – dear, beloved, pleasing
  adjective
• sakha – friend, companion, associate
  noun (masculine)

तौ (tau) - those two

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, those

भिन्नौ (bhinnau) - estranged, divided (divided, broken, separated, estranged)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of bhinna

bhinna - divided, broken, separated, different

Past Passive Participle

from bhid (to split, break)

Root: bhid (class 7)

कस्य (kasya) - whose (whose, of what, for whom)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine/neuter, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

कृतेन (kṛtena) - for the sake of (by the action, for the sake of, on account of)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, performed, deed, action, object

Past Passive Participle

from kṛ (to do, make)

Root: kṛ (class 8)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)