महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-79, verse-1

सहदेव उवाच ।
यदेतत्कथितं राज्ञा धर्म एष सनातनः ।
यथा तु युद्धमेव स्यात्तथा कार्यमरिंदम ॥१॥

1. sahadeva uvāca ,
yadetatkathitaṁ rājñā dharma eṣa sanātanaḥ ,
yathā tu yuddhameva syāttathā kāryamariṁdama.

1. sahadevaḥ uvāca | yat etat kathitam rājñā dharmaḥ eṣa
sanātanaḥ | yathā tu yuddham eva syāt tathā kāryam arim-dama

1. Sahadeva said: "What the king has stated is indeed this eternal (dharma). But, O subduer of enemies, action must be taken such that only war remains as the outcome."

Words meanings summery:

• सहदेवः (sahadevaḥ) - Sahadeva

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• यत् (yat) - that, which, what

• एतत् (etat) - this

• कथितम् (kathitam) - spoken, said, told

• राज्ञा (rājñā) - by King Yudhishthira (by the king)

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - righteousness, duty, natural law (dharma)

• एष (eṣa) - this

• सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal, perpetual, ancient

• यथा (yathā) - as, so that, in such a way that

• तु (tu) - but, however, on the other hand

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - war, battle

• एव (eva) - only, indeed

• स्यात् (syāt) - may be, might be, should be

• तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - what is to be done, action, duty

• अरिम्-दम (arim-dama) - O Krishna (O subduer of enemies)

Words meanings and morphology

सहदेवः (sahadevaḥ) - Sahadeva

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sahadeva

sahadeva - Sahadeva (name of the youngest of the Pandava brothers)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense

3rd person singular perfect active of 'vac'

Root: vac (class 2)

यत् (yat) - that, which, what

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - that, which, what, because, since

Note: Connects the clauses, meaning 'that which'.

एतत् (etat) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Note: Refers to Yudhishthira's previous statement.

कथितम् (kathitam) - spoken, said, told

(participle)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kathita

kathita - said, told, spoken, narrated

Past Passive Participle

From root 'kath' (to tell)

Root: kath (class 10)

Note: Agrees with 'yat etat'.

राज्ञा (rājñā) - by King Yudhishthira (by the king)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

Note: Agent in passive construction ('kathitam').

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - righteousness, duty, natural law (dharma)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - righteousness, duty, law, justice, virtue, religious merit, natural law, intrinsic nature, constitution

From root 'dhṛ' (to uphold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

एष (eṣa) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Note: Agrees with 'dharmaḥ'.

सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal, perpetual, ancient

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sanātana

sanātana - eternal, perpetual, everlasting, ancient, primeval

From 'sana' (always) + 'tana' (suffix)

Note: Agrees with 'dharmaḥ'.

यथा (yathā) - as, so that, in such a way that

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a purpose clause.

तु (tu) - but, however, on the other hand

(indeclinable)

Note: Indicates a contrast or shift in thought.

युद्धम् (yuddham) - war, battle

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - war, battle, fight

From root 'yudh' (to fight)

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'syāt'.

एव (eva) - only, indeed

(indeclinable)

स्यात् (syāt) - may be, might be, should be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of as

Optative Mood

3rd person singular optative active of 'as'

Root: as (class 2)

तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

(indeclinable)

Note: Correlative to 'yathā'.

कार्यम् (kāryam) - what is to be done, action, duty

(participle)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - to be done, proper to be done, action, business, duty, purpose

Gerundive (Passive Future Participle)

From root 'kṛ' (to do), with '-ya' suffix

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Implies 'it should be done'.

अरिम्-दम (arim-dama) - O Krishna (O subduer of enemies)

(compound)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ari+dama)

• ari – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• dama – subduing, taming, controller
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dam' (to subdue, tame)
  Root: dam (class 1)

Note: Address to Krishna.