महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-10, verse-1

रुरुरुवाच ।
मम प्राणसमा भार्या दष्टासीद्भुजगेन ह ।
तत्र मे समयो घोर आत्मनोरग वै कृतः ॥१॥

1. rururuvāca ,
mama prāṇasamā bhāryā daṣṭāsīdbhujagena ha ,
tatra me samayo ghora ātmanoraga vai kṛtaḥ.

1. ruruḥ uvāca | mama prāṇasamā bhāryā daṣṭā āsīt bhujagena
ha | tatra me samayaḥ ghoraḥ ātmanā uraga vai kṛtaḥ

1. Ruru said: 'Indeed, my wife, who was dear as life to me, was bitten by a snake. Because of that, O snake, a terrible vow was made by me personally.'

Words meanings summery:

• रुरुः (ruruḥ) - Ruru (a name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke, he said

• मम (mama) - my, of me

• प्राणसमा (prāṇasamā) - dear as life, equal to life

• भार्या (bhāryā) - wife

• दष्टा (daṣṭā) - bitten

• आसीत् (āsīt) - was

• भुजगेन (bhujagena) - by a snake

• ह (ha) - indeed (indeed, certainly, an exclamation)

• तत्र (tatra) - in that regard (there, in that matter, in that case)

• मे (me) - by me (by me, for me, my)

• समयः (samayaḥ) - vow (vow, agreement, time)

• घोरः (ghoraḥ) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

• आत्मना (ātmanā) - personally (by myself, by the self, personally)

• उरग (uraga) - O snake

• वै (vai) - indeed (indeed, surely, truly)

• कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - done, made, performed

Words meanings and morphology

रुरुः (ruruḥ) - Ruru (a name)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ruru

ruru - Ruru (name of a sage, a deer)

उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke, he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

मम (mama) - my, of me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I

प्राणसमा (prāṇasamā) - dear as life, equal to life

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of prāṇasama

prāṇasama - equal to life, dear as life

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prāṇa+sama)

• prāṇa – life, breath, vital air
  noun (masculine)
• sama – equal, similar, like
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'bhāryā'.

भार्या (bhāryā) - wife

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of bhāryā

bhāryā - wife, one to be supported

future passive participle

From root bhṛ (to bear, support), meaning 'one who is to be supported/maintained'

Root: bhṛ (class 3)

दष्टा (daṣṭā) - bitten

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of daṣṭa

daṣṭa - bitten, stung

past passive participle

From root daṃś (to bite)

Root: daṃś (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'bhāryā'.

आसीत् (āsīt) - was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of as

Root: as (class 2)

भुजगेन (bhujagena) - by a snake

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhujaga

bhujaga - snake, serpent (literally 'one who moves on the arm/shoulder')

Compound type : upapada (bhuja+ga)

• bhuja – arm, hand, shoulder
  noun (masculine)
• ga – going, moving
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root gam (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agent in a passive construction.

ह (ha) - indeed (indeed, certainly, an exclamation)

(indeclinable)

तत्र (tatra) - in that regard (there, in that matter, in that case)

(indeclinable)

मे (me) - by me (by me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of asmad

asmad - I

Note: Can be dative, genitive, or instrumental. In a passive construction (samayaḥ kṛtaḥ), 'me' functions as the agent (instrumental) and 'my' as genitive. Given ātmanā, instrumental 'by me' is primary.

समयः (samayaḥ) - vow (vow, agreement, time)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samaya

samaya - agreement, convention, covenant, vow, time

action noun

From root i (to go) with prefix sam

Prefix: sam

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Subject of the passive verb 'kṛtaḥ'.

घोरः (ghoraḥ) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ghora

ghora - terrible, dreadful, fierce, awful

Note: Agrees with 'samayaḥ'.

आत्मना (ātmanā) - personally (by myself, by the self, personally)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, spirit, essence

Note: Emphasizes that Ruru himself made the vow.

उरग (uraga) - O snake

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of uraga

uraga - snake, serpent (literally 'one who moves on the chest/breast')

Compound type : upapada (uras+ga)

• uras – chest, breast
  noun (neuter)
• ga – going, moving
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root gam (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)

वै (vai) - indeed (indeed, surely, truly)

(indeclinable)

कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - done, made, performed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, performed, created

past passive participle

From root kṛ (to do, make)

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'samayaḥ'.