भगवद्गीता
bhagavad-gītā
-
chapter-17, verse-17
श्रद्धया परया तप्तं तपस्तत्त्रिविधं नरैः ।
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्युक्तैः सात्त्विकं परिचक्षते ॥१७॥
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्युक्तैः सात्त्विकं परिचक्षते ॥१७॥
17. śraddhayā parayā taptaṁ tapastattrividhaṁ naraiḥ ,
aphalākāṅkṣibhiryuktaiḥ sāttvikaṁ paricakṣate.
aphalākāṅkṣibhiryuktaiḥ sāttvikaṁ paricakṣate.
17.
śraddhayā parayā taptam tapaḥ tat trividham naraiḥ
aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ yuktaiḥ sāttvikam paricakṣate
aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ yuktaiḥ sāttvikam paricakṣate
17.
parayā śraddhayā aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ yuktaiḥ naraiḥ
tat trividham tapaḥ taptam sāttvikam paricakṣate
tat trividham tapaḥ taptam sāttvikam paricakṣate
17.
That threefold austerity (tapas) which is performed by people with supreme faith (śraddhā) and who are unattached to the fruits of their actions, is declared to be sattvic.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- श्रद्धया (śraddhayā) - with faith, by devotion
- परया (parayā) - with supreme, by highest, with utmost
- तप्तम् (taptam) - performed (referring to austerity) (performed, practiced, heated)
- तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, spiritual discipline, heat
- तत् (tat) - that (referring to the mentioned austerity) (that, it)
- त्रिविधम् (trividham) - threefold, of three kinds
- नरैः (naraiḥ) - by men, by human beings
- अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः (aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ) - by those who do not desire fruits, by those without desire for results
- युक्तैः (yuktaiḥ) - by those endowed with (the characteristic of being desireless) (by those endowed with, by those joined, by those engaged)
- सात्त्विकम् (sāttvikam) - sattvic, pertaining to sattva (goodness/purity)
- परिचक्षते (paricakṣate) - they call, they declare, they describe
Words meanings and morphology
श्रद्धया (śraddhayā) - with faith, by devotion
(noun)
Instrumental, feminine, singular of śraddhā
śraddhā - faith, conviction, trust, devotion, reverence
Root: śrad-dhā (class 3)
परया (parayā) - with supreme, by highest, with utmost
(adjective)
Instrumental, feminine, singular of para
para - supreme, highest, ultimate, excellent, other, beyond
Note: Agrees with śraddhayā.
तप्तम् (taptam) - performed (referring to austerity) (performed, practiced, heated)
(adjective)
neuter, singular of tapta
tapta - performed, practiced, heated, burnt, tormented
Past Passive Participle
From root √tap (to heat, suffer, practice austerity)
Root: tap (class 1)
Note: Qualifies `tapaḥ`.
तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, spiritual discipline, heat
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas
tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual discipline, heat, suffering
तत् (tat) - that (referring to the mentioned austerity) (that, it)
(pronoun)
neuter, singular of tad
tad - that, it, this
Demonstrative pronoun.
Note: Qualifies `tapaḥ`.
त्रिविधम् (trividham) - threefold, of three kinds
(adjective)
neuter, singular of trividha
trividha - threefold, of three kinds
Compound: tri (three) + vidha (kind)
Compound type : karmadhāraya (tri+vidha)
- tri – three
numeral - vidha – kind, sort, manner
noun
Note: Qualifies `tapaḥ`.
नरैः (naraiḥ) - by men, by human beings
(noun)
Instrumental, masculine, plural of nara
nara - man, human being, person
Root: nṛ
Note: Agent in passive construction (`taptam`).
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः (aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ) - by those who do not desire fruits, by those without desire for results
(adjective)
Instrumental, masculine, plural of aphalākāṅkṣin
aphalākāṅkṣin - one who does not desire fruits/results
Compound: a (not) + phala (fruit) + ākāṅkṣin (desiring)
Compound type : nañ-bahuvrīhi (a+phala+ākāṅkṣin)
- a – not, non-, un-
indeclinable
Negative prefix - phala – fruit, result, consequence, reward
noun (neuter) - ākāṅkṣin – desiring, wishing for, aspiring
adjective
Agent noun from √ākāṅkṣ (to desire)
Derived from prefix ā + root √kāṅkṣ + suffix -in
Prefix: ā
Root: kāṅkṣ (class 1)
Note: Qualifies `naraiḥ`.
युक्तैः (yuktaiḥ) - by those endowed with (the characteristic of being desireless) (by those endowed with, by those joined, by those engaged)
(adjective)
Instrumental, masculine, plural of yukta
yukta - joined, united, endowed with, engaged in, appropriate, concentrated, controlled
Past Passive Participle
From root √yuj (to join, connect, unite)
Root: yuj (class 7)
Note: Qualifies `naraiḥ` (and `aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ`).
सात्त्विकम् (sāttvikam) - sattvic, pertaining to sattva (goodness/purity)
(adjective)
neuter, singular of sāttvika
sāttvika - belonging to or endowed with sattva, good, pure, virtuous, serene
Derived from `sattva` with suffix `-ika`.
Note: Predicative adjective for `tapaḥ`.
परिचक्षते (paricakṣate) - they call, they declare, they describe
(verb)
3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of paricakṣ
Present Middle
From prefix `pari` + root `√cakṣ` (to speak, tell).
Prefix: pari
Root: cakṣ (class 2)
Note: Implied subject is "the wise" or "scriptures".