महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-15, chapter-21, verse-13

या नापश्यच्चन्द्रमा नैव सूर्यो रामाः कदाचिदपि तस्मिन्नरेन्द्रे ।
महावनं गच्छति कौरवेन्द्रे शोकेनार्ता राजमार्गं प्रपेदुः ॥१३॥

13. yā nāpaśyaccandramā naiva sūryo; rāmāḥ kadācidapi tasminnarendre ,
mahāvanaṁ gacchati kauravendre; śokenārtā rājamārgaṁ prapeduḥ.

13. yāḥ na apaśyat candramā na eva sūryaḥ
rāmāḥ kadācit api tasmin nara-indre
mahā-vanaṃ gacchati kaurava-indre
śokena ārtāḥ rāja-mārgaṃ prapeduḥ

13. yāḥ rāmāḥ candramā na eva sūryaḥ
kadācit api na apaśyat tasmin nara-indre
kaurava-indre mahā-vanaṃ gacchati
śokena ārtāḥ rāja-mārgaṃ prapeduḥ

13. Those women, whom neither the moon nor the sun had ever seen even for a moment, when that lord of men, the chief of the Kauravas, was going to the great forest, afflicted by sorrow, rushed onto the main road.

Words meanings summery:

• याः (yāḥ) - those women (who (feminine plural), those (women))

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - saw (the moon/sun as subject) (he saw, it saw)

• चन्द्रमा (candramā) - the moon

• न (na) - nor (not)

• एव (eva) - even (even, only, indeed)

• सूर्यः (sūryaḥ) - the sun

• रामाः (rāmāḥ) - women (who were secluded) (women, beautiful women)

• कदाचित् (kadācit) - ever, for a moment (at some time, ever)

• अपि (api) - even (emphasizes 'kadācit') (even, also, too)

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - when that (king) (in that, on that, to that (masculine/neuter singular))

• नर-इन्द्रे (nara-indre) - when the lord of men (king) (in the lord of men, in the king)

• महा-वनं (mahā-vanaṁ) - great forest

• गच्छति (gacchati) - while going (going, while going)

• कौरव-इन्द्रे (kaurava-indre) - when the lord of the Kauravas (king) (in the lord of the Kauravas)

• शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow (by sorrow, with grief)

• आर्ताः (ārtāḥ) - afflicted (by sorrow) (afflicted, distressed, wounded (feminine plural))

• राज-मार्गं (rāja-mārgaṁ) - main road (royal road, main road)

• प्रपेदुः (prapeduḥ) - they rushed onto (the road) (they reached, they went forth, they came out)

Words meanings and morphology

याः (yāḥ) - those women (who (feminine plural), those (women))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Feminine nominative plural, referring to 'rāmāḥ' (women).

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - saw (the moon/sun as subject) (he saw, it saw)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of paś

Imperfect Tense

Derived from √dṛś (to see), but uses 'paśya' stem in present/imperfect.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Used with 'candramā' and 'sūryaḥ' as subjects.

चन्द्रमा (candramā) - the moon

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of candramas

candramas - moon, lunar

Note: Nominative singular of 'candramas' (s-stem noun).

न (na) - nor (not)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - even (even, only, indeed)

(indeclinable)

सूर्यः (sūryaḥ) - the sun

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sūrya

sūrya - sun, sun god

Note: Nominative singular masculine.

रामाः (rāmāḥ) - women (who were secluded) (women, beautiful women)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of rāmā

rāmā - woman, beautiful woman

Note: Nominative plural feminine.

कदाचित् (kadācit) - ever, for a moment (at some time, ever)

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - even (emphasizes 'kadācit') (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - when that (king) (in that, on that, to that (masculine/neuter singular))

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Locative singular masculine, used with 'narendre' and 'kauravendre'.

नर-इन्द्रे (nara-indre) - when the lord of men (king) (in the lord of men, in the king)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of nara-indra

nara-indra - lord of men, king

Compound type : tatpurusha (nara+indra)

• nara – man, person
  noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, best
  noun (masculine)

Note: Locative singular masculine, forming a locative absolute construction with 'gacchati'.

महा-वनं (mahā-vanaṁ) - great forest

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mahā-vana

mahā-vana - great forest

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+vana)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective
• vana – forest, wood
  noun (neuter)

Note: Accusative singular neuter, object of 'gacchati'.

गच्छति (gacchati) - while going (going, while going)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of gacchat

gacchat - going (present active participle)

Present Active Participle

Present active participle of √gam (to go).

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Locative singular masculine, forming a locative absolute with 'narendre' and 'kauravendre'.

कौरव-इन्द्रे (kaurava-indre) - when the lord of the Kauravas (king) (in the lord of the Kauravas)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kaurava-indra

kaurava-indra - lord of the Kauravas, chief of the Kauravas

Compound type : tatpurusha (kaurava+indra)

• kaurava – a Kaurava, descendant of Kuru
  proper noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, best
  noun (masculine)

Note: Locative singular masculine, part of a locative absolute construction.

शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow (by sorrow, with grief)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation

Derived from √śuc (to grieve).

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Instrumental singular masculine.

आर्ताः (ārtāḥ) - afflicted (by sorrow) (afflicted, distressed, wounded (feminine plural))

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of ārta

ārta - afflicted, distressed, suffering, wounded

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of √ṛ (to go, to move, but here implying 'to be affected' or 'to suffer'). With 'ā' prefix.

Prefix: ā

Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Nominative plural feminine, agreeing with 'rāmāḥ'.

राज-मार्गं (rāja-mārgaṁ) - main road (royal road, main road)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rāja-mārga

rāja-mārga - royal road, main road

Compound type : tatpurusha (rājan+mārga)

• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)
• mārga – road, path, way
  noun (masculine)

Note: Accusative singular masculine, object of 'prapeduḥ'.

प्रपेदुः (prapeduḥ) - they rushed onto (the road) (they reached, they went forth, they came out)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (lit) of prapad

Perfect Tense

Prefix: pra

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Root 'pad' with prefix 'pra'.