महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-11, chapter-6, verse-1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच ।
अहो खलु महद्दुःखं कृच्छ्रवासं वसत्यसौ ।
कथं तस्य रतिस्तत्र तुष्टिर्वा वदतां वर ॥१॥

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca ,
aho khalu mahadduḥkhaṁ kṛcchravāsaṁ vasatyasau ,
kathaṁ tasya ratistatra tuṣṭirvā vadatāṁ vara.

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca aho khalu mahat duḥkham kṛcchravāsam
vasati asau katham tasya ratiḥ tatra tuṣṭiḥ vā vadatām vara

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca aho khalu mahat duḥkham asau kṛcchravāsam
vasati katham tasya ratiḥ vā tuṣṭiḥ tatra vadatām vara

1. Dhṛtarāṣṭra said: Alas, what great misery! He lives in such a difficult state. O best of speakers, how can there be any joy (rati) or contentment (tuṣṭi) for him in that situation?

Words meanings summery:

• धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - The blind king, father of the Kauravas (Dhritarashtra (proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• अहो (aho) - expressing sorrow or wonder (alas, oh, ah)

• खलु (khalu) - emphasizing the statement (indeed, surely, certainly)

• महत् (mahat) - indicating the intensity of suffering (great, large, important)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - the difficult state of existence (suffering, misery, pain)

• कृच्छ्रवासम् (kṛcchravāsam) - adverbial accusative, 'living with difficulty' or 'a difficult dwelling' (difficult dwelling, painful existence)

• वसति (vasati) - dwells, lives, resides

• असौ (asau) - referring to the suffering individual (that one, he, she, it)

• कथम् (katham) - expressing a question about the possibility (how, in what manner)

• तस्य (tasya) - his, of him, to him

• रतिः (ratiḥ) - specifically referring to joy or happiness in his current state (delight, pleasure, enjoyment, love)

• तत्र (tatra) - in the difficult situation described (there, in that place)

• तुष्टिः (tuṣṭiḥ) - satisfaction, contentment, gratification

• वा (vā) - or, either

• वदताम् (vadatām) - part of the vocative compound 'vadatām vara' (of those who speak, among speakers)

• वर (vara) - 'O best' in address (best, excellent, boon, suitor)

Words meanings and morphology

धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - The blind king, father of the Kauravas (Dhritarashtra (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhritarashtra

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, borne, maintained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root dhṛ (to hold)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, country, realm
  noun (neuter)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

perfect

parasmaipada

Root: vac (class 2)

अहो (aho) - expressing sorrow or wonder (alas, oh, ah)

(indeclinable)

खलु (khalu) - emphasizing the statement (indeed, surely, certainly)

(indeclinable)

महत् (mahat) - indicating the intensity of suffering (great, large, important)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, important

Note: Can also be accusative singular neuter. Here interpreted as nominative singular neuter modifying an implied 'something'.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - the difficult state of existence (suffering, misery, pain)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, misery, pain, unhappiness

Note: Can also be accusative singular neuter. Here interpreted as nominative singular neuter for an exclamation.

कृच्छ्रवासम् (kṛcchravāsam) - adverbial accusative, 'living with difficulty' or 'a difficult dwelling' (difficult dwelling, painful existence)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṛcchravāsa

kṛcchravāsa - difficult dwelling, painful existence

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṛcchra+vāsa)

• kṛcchra – difficult, painful, hard
  adjective (neuter)
• vāsa – dwelling, abode, living
  noun (masculine)
  derived from root vas (to dwell)
  Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Used adverbially here to describe the manner of living.

वसति (vasati) - dwells, lives, resides

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vas

present

parasmaipada

Root: vas (class 1)

असौ (asau) - referring to the suffering individual (that one, he, she, it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adas

adas - that, that one, this one

Note: Can be masculine, feminine or neuter. Here refers to a masculine subject.

कथम् (katham) - expressing a question about the possibility (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

तस्य (tasya) - his, of him, to him

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Also dative singular.

रतिः (ratiḥ) - specifically referring to joy or happiness in his current state (delight, pleasure, enjoyment, love)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of rati

rati - delight, pleasure, enjoyment, love, attachment

derived from root ram (to rejoice)

Root: ram (class 1)

तत्र (tatra) - in the difficult situation described (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

तुष्टिः (tuṣṭiḥ) - satisfaction, contentment, gratification

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tuṣṭi

tuṣṭi - satisfaction, contentment, gratification

Root: tuṣ (class 4)

वा (vā) - or, either

(indeclinable)

वदताम् (vadatām) - part of the vocative compound 'vadatām vara' (of those who speak, among speakers)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vadat

vadat - speaking, speaker

Present Active Participle

from root vad (to speak)

Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Part of a compound 'vadatām vara'

वर (vara) - 'O best' in address (best, excellent, boon, suitor)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vara

vara - best, excellent, supreme, boon

Root: vṛ (class 1)

Note: In 'vadatām vara' it forms a vocative compound meaning 'O best among speakers.'