वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-42, verse-4

ततो हैमवती ज्येष्ठा सर्वलोकनमस्कृता ।
तदा सातिमहद् रूपं कृत्वा वेगं च दुःसहम् ।
आकाशादपतद् राम शिवे शिवशिरस्युत ॥४॥

4. tato haimavatī jyeṣṭhā sarvalokanamaskṛtā ,
tadā sātimahad rūpaṃ kṛtvā vegaṃ ca duḥsaham ,
ākāśādapatad rāma śive śivaśirasyuta.

4. tataḥ haimavatī jyeṣṭhā
sarvalokanamaskṛtā tadā sā atimahat rūpaṃ
kṛtvā vegaṃ ca dussaham ākāśāt
apatat rāma śive śivaśirasi uta

4. rāma tataḥ tadā sarvalokanamaskṛtā
jyeṣṭhā haimavatī atimahat
rūpaṃ dussaham ca vegaṃ kṛtvā
ākāśāt śivaśirasi śive uta apatat

4. Then, O Rama, the great Himavatī (Gangā), revered by all beings, having assumed a tremendously vast form and an unbearable current, indeed fell from the sky onto Shiva's head.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (indicating sequence) (then, thence, from that)

• हैमवती (haimavatī) - Ganga (as daughter of Himavat) (daughter of Himavat, belonging to Himavat, Ganga, Parvati)

• ज्येष्ठा (jyeṣṭhā) - great, chief (describing Ganga's eminence) (eldest, greatest, chief)

• सर्वलोकनमस्कृता (sarvalokanamaskṛtā) - revered by all beings (describing Ganga) (saluted by all people/worlds, revered by all beings)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• सा (sā) - she (referring to Ganga) (she, that (feminine))

• अतिमहत् (atimahat) - tremendously vast (very great, very large, immense)

• रूपं (rūpaṁ) - form (form, shape, appearance)

• कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having assumed, having created (having done, having made, having performed)

• वेगं (vegaṁ) - current, force (of water) (force, speed, current, velocity)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• दुस्सहम् (dussaham) - unbearable (unbearable, irresistible, difficult to endure)

• आकाशात् (ākāśāt) - from the sky (from the sky, from space)

• अपतत् (apatat) - fell (down) (fell, dropped)

• राम (rāma) - O Rama (addressing the listener) (O Rama)

• शिवे (śive) - on Shiva (indicating location) (on Shiva, in Shiva, for Shiva)

• शिवशिरसि (śivaśirasi) - on Shiva's head (the specific location) (on Shiva's head)

• उत (uta) - indeed, moreover (emphasis) (and, also, indeed, moreover)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then (indicating sequence) (then, thence, from that)

(indeclinable)

derived from tad (that)

हैमवती (haimavatī) - Ganga (as daughter of Himavat) (daughter of Himavat, belonging to Himavat, Ganga, Parvati)

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of haimavatī

haimavatī - daughter of Himavat, relating to Himavat, Ganga, Parvati

Feminine of haimavat, derived from himavat (Himavat, Himalaya)

ज्येष्ठा (jyeṣṭhā) - great, chief (describing Ganga's eminence) (eldest, greatest, chief)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jyeṣṭha

jyeṣṭha - eldest, greatest, chief, superior

Superlative of vṛddha (old, great)

Note: agreeing with haimavatī

सर्वलोकनमस्कृता (sarvalokanamaskṛtā) - revered by all beings (describing Ganga) (saluted by all people/worlds, revered by all beings)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of sarvalokanamaskṛta

sarvalokanamaskṛta - saluted by all people/worlds

Compound type : tatpurusha (sarva+loka+namaskṛta)

• sarva – all, every, whole
  adjective (masculine)
• loka – world, people, universe
  noun (masculine)
• namaskṛta – saluted, worshipped, revered
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root namas-kṛ (to salute)
  Prefix: namas
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: agreeing with haimavatī

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

derived from tad (that)

सा (sā) - she (referring to Ganga) (she, that (feminine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

अतिमहत् (atimahat) - tremendously vast (very great, very large, immense)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of atimahat

atimahat - very great, very large, immense

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ati+mahat)

• ati – very, excessively, beyond
  indeclinable
  prefix indicating excess or intensity
• mahat – great, large, vast, noble
  adjective (neuter)

Note: agreeing with rūpaṃ

रूपं (rūpaṁ) - form (form, shape, appearance)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rūpa

rūpa - form, shape, appearance, beauty

Note: object of kṛtvā

कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having assumed, having created (having done, having made, having performed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root kṛ + suffix -tvā

Root: kṛ (class 8)

वेगं (vegaṁ) - current, force (of water) (force, speed, current, velocity)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vega

vega - speed, velocity, force, current

Derived from root vij (to move rapidly)

Root: vij (class 3)

Note: object of kṛtvā

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

दुस्सहम् (dussaham) - unbearable (unbearable, irresistible, difficult to endure)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dussaha

dussaha - unbearable, irresistible, difficult to endure

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dus+saha)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill
  indeclinable
  prefix indicating difficulty or badness
• saha – bearing, enduring, withstanding
  adjective (masculine)
  derived from root sah (to bear, endure)
  Root: sah (class 1)

Note: agreeing with vegaṃ

आकाशात् (ākāśāt) - from the sky (from the sky, from space)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of ākāśa

ākāśa - sky, space, ether

अपतत् (apatat) - fell (down) (fell, dropped)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of pat

Imperfect past tense, 3rd person singular, active voice, parasmaipada.

Root: pat (class 1)

राम (rāma) - O Rama (addressing the listener) (O Rama)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rāma

rāma - Rama (a celebrated hero, seventh incarnation of Vishnu)

शिवे (śive) - on Shiva (indicating location) (on Shiva, in Shiva, for Shiva)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of śiva

śiva - Shiva (name of a major Hindu deity), auspicious, benevolent

शिवशिरसि (śivaśirasi) - on Shiva's head (the specific location) (on Shiva's head)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of śivaśiras

śivaśiras - Shiva's head

Compound type : tatpurusha (śiva+śiras)

• śiva – Shiva, auspicious, benevolent
  proper noun (masculine)
• śiras – head
  noun (neuter)

उत (uta) - indeed, moreover (emphasis) (and, also, indeed, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Particle

Note: Used for emphasis.

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