वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-34, verse-4

मन्ये खलु मया पूर्वं विवत्सा बहवः कृताः ।
प्राणिनो हिंसिता वापि तस्मादिदमुपस्थितम् ॥४॥

4. manye khalu mayā pūrvaṃ vivatsā bahavaḥ kṛtāḥ ,
prāṇino hiṃsitā vāpi tasmādidamupasthitam.

4. manye khalu mayā pūrvam vivatsāḥ bahavaḥ kṛtāḥ
prāṇinaḥ hiṃsitāḥ vā api tasmāt idam upasthitam

4. I believe that surely in the past I must have caused many creatures to be separated from their young, or perhaps I even harmed living beings; therefore, this has come to pass.

Words meanings summery:

• मन्ये (manye) - I think, I believe, I consider

• खलु (khalu) - indeed, surely, certainly

• मया (mayā) - by me

• पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - previously, formerly, in the past

• विवत्साः (vivatsāḥ) - deprived of calves/young ones

• बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many, numerous

• कृताः (kṛtāḥ) - done, made, performed

• प्राणिनः (prāṇinaḥ) - living beings, creatures

• हिंसिताः (hiṁsitāḥ) - harmed, injured, killed

• वा (vā) - or, either

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that, because of that

• इदम् (idam) - this misfortune, this situation (of separation from Rama) (this, this (neuter nom. sg.))

• उपस्थितम् (upasthitam) - come to pass, arrived, present

Words meanings and morphology

मन्ये (manye) - I think, I believe, I consider

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of man

Present tense, 1st person singular, Ātmanepada, from root man

Root: man (class 4)

Note: The speaker is the king (Daśaratha).

खलु (khalu) - indeed, surely, certainly

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the statement.

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I, me

Note: Agent of the passive actions 'kṛtāḥ' and 'hiṃsitāḥ'.

पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - previously, formerly, in the past

(indeclinable)

Note: Used adverbially.

विवत्साः (vivatsāḥ) - deprived of calves/young ones

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vivatsā

vivatsā - bereft of a calf or young one

compound of vi + vatsa

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vi+vatsa)

• vi – apart, without
  indeclinable
  prefix denoting separation
• vatsa – calf, young animal
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with `bahavaḥ` and implicitly with `prāṇinaḥ`.

बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many, numerous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - many, much, numerous

Note: Qualifies 'prāṇinaḥ' implicitly.

कृताः (kṛtāḥ) - done, made, performed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, accomplished

Past Passive Participle

root kṛ + ta suffix

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agrees with 'vivatsāḥ' and 'prāṇinaḥ'.

प्राणिनः (prāṇinaḥ) - living beings, creatures

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prāṇin

prāṇin - living being, creature, animate being

from prāṇa 'life-breath' + in suffix

Note: Subject of 'hiṃsitāḥ' (passive construction).

हिंसिताः (hiṁsitāḥ) - harmed, injured, killed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of hiṃsita

hiṁsita - harmed, injured, killed

Past Passive Participle

root hiṃs + ta suffix

Root: hiṃs (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'prāṇinaḥ'.

वा (vā) - or, either

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects two possibilities.

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

Note: Adds emphasis.

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that, because of that

(pronoun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Used adverbially to mean 'therefore'.

इदम् (idam) - this misfortune, this situation (of separation from Rama) (this, this (neuter nom. sg.))

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it (referring to something near or just mentioned)

Note: Subject of 'upasthitam'.

उपस्थितम् (upasthitam) - come to pass, arrived, present

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of upasthita

upasthita - arrived, present, at hand, happened

Past Passive Participle

upasarga upa + root sthā + ta suffix

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'idam'.

Previous Verse Next Verse