वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-22, verse-8

लघुसत्त्वतया सर्वे नष्टसंज्ञा भयार्दिताः ।
नात्र योद्धुं समर्थाः स्म इत्युक्त्वा विप्रदुद्रुवुः ॥८॥

8. laghusattvatayā sarve naṣṭasaṃjñā bhayārditāḥ ,
nātra yoddhuṃ samarthāḥ sma ityuktvā vipradudruvuḥ.

8. laghusattvatayā sarve naṣṭasaṃjñāḥ bhayārditāḥ na
atra yoddhum samarthāḥ sma iti uktvā vipradudruvuḥ

8. sarve laghusattvatayā bhayārditāḥ naṣṭasaṃjñāḥ na
atra yoddhum samarthāḥ sma iti uktvā vipradudruvuḥ

8. Because of their weak resolve, all of them, afflicted by fear, lost consciousness. Having said, 'We are not able to fight here,' they fled.

Words meanings summery:

• लघुसत्त्वतया (laghusattvatayā) - due to faint-heartedness, due to weak courage/resolve

• सर्वे (sarve) - all, every, whole

• नष्टसंज्ञाः (naṣṭasaṁjñāḥ) - having lost consciousness, senseless, unconscious

• भयार्दिताः (bhayārditāḥ) - afflicted by fear, terrified, distressed by fear

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• अत्र (atra) - here, in this place, in this matter

• योद्धुम् (yoddhum) - to fight

• समर्थाः (samarthāḥ) - capable, able, competent

• स्म (sma) - indicates the present state 'we are' (an enclitic particle, used to express past tense with present verbs, or as an emphatic particle. Here, it indicates a present state of being.)

• इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner (marks direct speech or thought)

• उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said, having spoken

• विप्रदुद्रुवुः (vipradudruvuḥ) - they fled, ran away

Words meanings and morphology

लघुसत्त्वतया (laghusattvatayā) - due to faint-heartedness, due to weak courage/resolve

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of laghusattvatā

laghusattvatā - faint-heartedness, weakness of spirit, lack of courage

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (laghu+sattva+tā)

• laghu – light, small, trivial, faint, weak
  adjective
• sattva – being, essence, courage, spirit, vitality, goodness (one of the three guṇas)
  noun (neuter)
• tā – suffix forming abstract noun (e.g., -ness, -hood)
  suffix (feminine)

सर्वे (sarve) - all, every, whole

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, complete

नष्टसंज्ञाः (naṣṭasaṁjñāḥ) - having lost consciousness, senseless, unconscious

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of naṣṭasaṃjña

naṣṭasaṁjña - having lost consciousness, senseless, unconscious

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (naṣṭa+saṃjña)

• naṣṭa – lost, destroyed, ruined, perished
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root naś (to perish, be lost).
  Root: naś (class 4)
• saṃjña – consciousness, cognition, name, sign, understanding
  noun (feminine)

भयार्दिताः (bhayārditāḥ) - afflicted by fear, terrified, distressed by fear

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bhayārdita

bhayārdita - distressed by fear, terrified, troubled by fear

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (bhaya+ārdita)

• bhaya – fear, dread, terror
  noun (neuter)
• ārdita – afflicted, distressed, wounded, tormented
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root ard (to suffer, torment).
  Root: ard (class 10)

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

अत्र (atra) - here, in this place, in this matter

(indeclinable)

योद्धुम् (yoddhum) - to fight

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Formed from root yudh by adding -tum suffix.

Root: yudh (class 4)

समर्थाः (samarthāḥ) - capable, able, competent

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of samartha

samartha - capable, able, competent, suitable, significant

Derived from prefix sam- and artha (meaning/purpose/power).

Prefix: sam

Root: arth

स्म (sma) - indicates the present state 'we are' (an enclitic particle, used to express past tense with present verbs, or as an emphatic particle. Here, it indicates a present state of being.)

(indeclinable)

इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner (marks direct speech or thought)

(indeclinable)

उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said, having spoken

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Formed from root vac by adding -tvā suffix. (Vac often appears as 'ukta' in PPP and 'uktvā' in Absolutive).

Root: vac (class 2)

विप्रदुद्रुवुः (vipradudruvuḥ) - they fled, ran away

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of vipradru

Perfect Active

Perfect form of root dru with prefixes vi- and pra-.

Prefixes: vi+pra

Root: dru (class 1)

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