वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-80, verse-40

तं निशाम्य सनिस्त्रिंशं व्यथिता जनकात्मजा ।
निवार्यमाणं बहुशः सुहृद्भिरनिवर्तिनम् ॥४०॥

40. taṃ niśāmya sanistriṃśaṃ vyathitā janakātmajā ,
nivāryamāṇaṃ bahuśaḥ suhṛdbhiranivartinam.

40. tam niśāmya sanistriṃśam vyathitā janakātmajā
nivāryamāṇam bahuśaḥ suhṛdbhiḥ anivartinam

40. janakātmajā vyathitā tam sanistriṃśam bahuśaḥ
suhṛdbhiḥ nivāryamāṇam anivartinam niśāmya

40. Distressed, Janaka's daughter (Sītā) saw him (Rāvaṇa), armed with a sword, and though repeatedly restrained by his friends, he remained unyielding.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - Rāvaṇa (him, that)

• निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having observed (Rāvaṇa) (having seen, having observed)

• सनिस्त्रिंशम् (sanistriṁśam) - Rāvaṇa, armed with a sword (with a sword, armed with a sword)

• व्यथिता (vyathitā) - Sītā, distressed (distressed, agitated, pained)

• जनकात्मजा (janakātmajā) - Sītā (daughter of Janaka)

• निवार्यमाणम् (nivāryamāṇam) - Rāvaṇa, being restrained (being restrained, being held back)

• बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - repeatedly (restrained) (repeatedly, many times, in many ways)

• सुहृद्भिः (suhṛdbhiḥ) - by his (Rāvaṇa's) friends (by friends, by well-wishers)

• अनिवर्तिनम् (anivartinam) - Rāvaṇa, unyielding in his intent (unyielding, not turning back, persistent)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - Rāvaṇa (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that

निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having observed (Rāvaṇa) (having seen, having observed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive

from root śam (to see, perceive) with prefix ni

Prefix: ni

Root: śam (class 4)

सनिस्त्रिंशम् (sanistriṁśam) - Rāvaṇa, armed with a sword (with a sword, armed with a sword)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sanistriṃśa

sanistriṁśa - with a sword, armed with a sword

compound 'sa' (with) + 'nistriṃśa' (sword)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+nistriṃśa)

• sa – with, together with
  indeclinable
• nistriṃśa – sword
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adjective modifying 'tam'.

व्यथिता (vyathitā) - Sītā, distressed (distressed, agitated, pained)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vyathita

vyathita - distressed, agitated, pained

Past Passive Participle

from root vyath (to tremble, be agitated)

Root: vyath (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'janakātmajā'.

जनकात्मजा (janakātmajā) - Sītā (daughter of Janaka)

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of janakātmajā

janakātmajā - daughter of Janaka

compound Janaka (proper noun) + ātmajā (daughter)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (janaka+ātmajā)

• janaka – Janaka (proper name of a king)
  proper noun (masculine)
• ātmajā – daughter
  noun (feminine)
  from ātman (self) + jan (to be born), feminine form
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

निवार्यमाणम् (nivāryamāṇam) - Rāvaṇa, being restrained (being restrained, being held back)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nivāryamāṇa

nivāryamāṇa - being restrained, being held back

Present Passive Participle

from root vṛ (to cover, restrain) with prefix ni, in passive voice

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Modifies 'tam'.

बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - repeatedly (restrained) (repeatedly, many times, in many ways)

(indeclinable)

suffix -śaḥ (denoting manner or frequency) added to bahu (many)

Note: Adverb modifying 'nivāryamāṇam'.

सुहृद्भिः (suhṛdbhiḥ) - by his (Rāvaṇa's) friends (by friends, by well-wishers)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of suhṛd

suhṛd - friend, well-wisher

compound 'su' (good) + 'hṛd' (heart)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+hṛd)

• su – good, well
  indeclinable
• hṛd – heart, mind
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agent of 'nivāryamāṇam'.

अनिवर्तिनम् (anivartinam) - Rāvaṇa, unyielding in his intent (unyielding, not turning back, persistent)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of anivartin

anivartin - unyielding, not turning back, persistent

compound 'a' (not) + 'nivartin' (one who turns back)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+nivartin)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negation prefix
• nivartin – one who turns back, retreating
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  from root vṛt (to turn) with prefix ni, suffix -in
  Prefix: ni
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying 'tam'.

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