वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-43, verse-12

अवध्यः समरे रामो नैवं त्वं वक्तुमर्हसि ।
न त्वामस्मिन् वने हातुमुत्सहे राघवं विना ॥१२॥

12. avadhyaḥ samare rāmo naivaṃ tvaṃ vaktumarhasi ,
na tvāmasmin vane hātumutsahe rāghavaṃ vinā.

12. avadhyaḥ samare rāmaḥ na evam tvam vaktum arhasi
na tvām asmin vane hātum utsahe rāghavam vinā

12. rāmaḥ samare avadhyaḥ; tvam evam vaktum na arhasi;
rāghavam vinā asmin vane tvām hātum na utsahe

12. Rama is invincible in battle; you should not speak like this. I cannot abandon you in this forest without Rama.

Words meanings summery:

• अवध्यः (avadhyaḥ) - invincible (not to be killed, invincible)

• समरे (samare) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• रामः (rāmaḥ) - Rama

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• एवम् (evam) - thus, like this (thus, in this manner)

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak (to speak, to say)

• अर्हसि (arhasi) - you should (you should, you are able, you deserve)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you

• अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this

• वने (vane) - in this forest (in the forest, in the woods)

• हातुम् (hātum) - to abandon (to abandon, to leave, to give up)

• उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able, I dare (I am able, I venture, I dare)

• राघवम् (rāghavam) - Rama (Rama (descendant of Raghu))

• विना (vinā) - without (without, except)

Words meanings and morphology

अवध्यः (avadhyaḥ) - invincible (not to be killed, invincible)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avadhya

avadhya - not to be killed, inviolable, invincible, not deserving death

Gerundive (Nishpanna)

Formed with suffix -ya (kṛtya) from root √vadh (to strike, kill), with negative prefix 'a-'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vadhya)

• a – not, un-, in-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• vadhya – to be killed, deserving death
  adjective (masculine)
  Gerundive
  Formed with suffix -ya from root √vadh
  Root: √vadh (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for Rāma.

समरे (samare) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, conflict, war

From prefix 'sam-' + root '√ṛ' (to go, move), often interpreted as 'a place where things come together/collide'.

Prefix: sam

Root: √ṛ (class 1)

रामः (rāmaḥ) - Rama

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāma

rāma - Rama (name of the hero of Ramayana), pleasing, black (color)

From √ram (to delight, rejoice).

Root: √ram (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Particle of negation.

Note: Negates the verb 'arhasi'.

एवम् (evam) - thus, like this (thus, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

An adverbial particle.

Note: Modifies 'vaktum'.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular/plural pronoun)

Pronominal root.

Note: Subject of 'arhasi'.

वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak (to speak, to say)

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Infinitive form of the root √vac (to speak).

Root: √vac (class 2)

Note: Purpose infinitive.

अर्हसि (arhasi) - you should (you should, you are able, you deserve)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of arh

Present tense, active voice

Second person singular, present indicative, active voice of √arh.

Root: √arh (class 1)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Particle of negation.

Note: Negates 'utsahe'.

त्वाम् (tvām) - you

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular/plural pronoun)

Pronominal root.

Note: Object of 'hātum'.

अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Modifies 'vane'.

वने (vane) - in this forest (in the forest, in the woods)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove, thicket

From √van (to love, desire, gain).

Root: √van (class 1)

Note: Location for the action 'hātum'.

हातुम् (hātum) - to abandon (to abandon, to leave, to give up)

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Infinitive form of the root √hā (to abandon).

Root: √hā (class 3)

Note: Object of 'utsahe'.

उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able, I dare (I am able, I venture, I dare)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of utsah

Present tense, middle voice

First person singular, present indicative, middle voice of √sah with prefix 'ut'.

Prefix: ut

Root: √sah (class 1)

Note: Subject (implied 'aham') is the speaker.

राघवम् (rāghavam) - Rama (Rama (descendant of Raghu))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rāghava

rāghava - descendant of Raghu, Rama

Patronymic from Raghu + aṇ suffix.

Note: Object of the indeclinable 'vinā'.

विना (vinā) - without (without, except)

(indeclinable)

Preposition/adverb governing accusative, instrumental, or ablative.

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