वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-56, verse-5

जिता राजर्षिलोकास्ते तपसा कुशिकात्मज ।
अनेन तपसा त्वां हि राजर्षिरिति विद्महे ॥५॥

5. jitā rājarṣilokāste tapasā kuśikātmaja ,
anena tapasā tvāṃ hi rājarṣiriti vidmahe.

5. jitāḥ rājarṣilokāḥ te tapasā kuśikātmaja
anena tapasā tvām hi rājarṣiḥ iti vidmahe

5. kuśikātmaja te tapasā rājarṣilokāḥ jitāḥ
anena tapasā hi tvām rājarṣiḥ iti vidmahe

5. O son of Kuśika, you have conquered the worlds of the royal sages through your asceticism (tapas). Indeed, it is by this very asceticism (tapas) that we now recognize you as a royal sage.

Words meanings summery:

• जिताः (jitāḥ) - have been conquered (conquered, vanquished, won)

• राजर्षिलोकाः (rājarṣilokāḥ) - worlds of royal sages

• ते (te) - by you (by you (singular), your, to you)

• तपसा (tapasā) - by your ascetic practice (tapas) (by asceticism, by penance, through spiritual practice)

• कुशिकात्मज (kuśikātmaja) - addressing Viśvāmitra as the son of Kuśika (O son of Kuśika)

• अनेन (anena) - by this very (asceticism) (by this, with this)

• तपसा (tapasā) - by this ascetic practice (tapas) (by asceticism, by penance, through spiritual practice)

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative singular)

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely (emphasizing the statement) (indeed, surely, for, because)

• राजर्षिः (rājarṣiḥ) - as a royal sage (royal sage, kingly seer)

• इति (iti) - marking the designation 'royal sage' (thus, so, marking direct speech or a specific designation)

• विद्महे (vidmahe) - we recognize, we acknowledge (we know, we understand, we perceive)

Words meanings and morphology

जिताः (jitāḥ) - have been conquered (conquered, vanquished, won)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jita

jita - conquered, won, subdued, surpassed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root √ji (to conquer) with the past passive participle suffix -kta.

Root: ji (class 1)

राजर्षिलोकाः (rājarṣilokāḥ) - worlds of royal sages

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rājarṣiloka

rājarṣiloka - the world(s) inhabited by royal sages

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājarṣi+loka)

• rājarṣi – royal sage, kingly seer
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of 'rājan' (king) and 'ṛṣi' (sage).
• loka – world, realm, people, region
  noun (masculine)
  From root √lok (to see, to perceive).
  Root: lok (class 1)

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'are'.

ते (te) - by you (by you (singular), your, to you)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of tvam

tvam - you (singular)

Enclitic form of the 2nd person singular pronoun, used in the instrumental or genitive case. Here it functions as the agent of the past passive participle 'jitāḥ'.

तपसा (tapasā) - by your ascetic practice (tapas) (by asceticism, by penance, through spiritual practice)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - asceticism, penance, heat, religious austerity, spiritual fervor

From the root √tap (to heat, to perform austerity).

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Indicates the means by which the worlds were conquered.

कुशिकात्मज (kuśikātmaja) - addressing Viśvāmitra as the son of Kuśika (O son of Kuśika)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of kuśikātmaja

kuśikātmaja - son of Kuśika (Kuśika was an ancient king and an ancestor of Viśvāmitra)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kuśika+ātmaja)

• kuśika – Kuśika (name of a king, an ancestor of Viśvāmitra)
  proper noun (masculine)
• ātmaja – born of oneself, son, offspring
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of 'ātman' (self) and 'ja' (born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

अनेन (anena) - by this very (asceticism) (by this, with this)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, this one, it

Instrumental singular of the demonstrative pronoun 'idam'.

तपसा (tapasā) - by this ascetic practice (tapas) (by asceticism, by penance, through spiritual practice)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - asceticism, penance, heat, religious austerity, spiritual fervor

From the root √tap (to heat, to perform austerity).

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Indicates the means by which Viśvāmitra is recognized.

त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative singular)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of tvam

tvam - you (singular)

हि (hi) - indeed, surely (emphasizing the statement) (indeed, surely, for, because)

(indeclinable)

राजर्षिः (rājarṣiḥ) - as a royal sage (royal sage, kingly seer)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājarṣi

rājarṣi - royal sage, a king who is also a sage, kingly seer

Compound of 'rājan' (king) and 'ṛṣi' (sage).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (rājan+ṛṣi)

• rājan – king, sovereign
  noun (masculine)
  From root √rāj (to reign).
  Root: rāj (class 1)
• ṛṣi – sage, seer, inspired poet, Vedic hymn composer
  noun (masculine)
  From root √ṛṣ (to go, to move; hence, one who moves towards truth).
  Root: ṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative for 'tvām', used with 'iti'.

इति (iti) - marking the designation 'royal sage' (thus, so, marking direct speech or a specific designation)

(indeclinable)

विद्महे (vidmahe) - we recognize, we acknowledge (we know, we understand, we perceive)

(verb)

1st person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Middle 1st Plural

Derived from the root √vid (class 2) meaning 'to know'.

Root: vid (class 2)

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