महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-65, verse-2

भीष्म उवाच ।
उपानहौ प्रयच्छेद्यो ब्राह्मणेभ्यः समाहितः ।
मर्दते कण्टकान्सर्वान्विषमान्निस्तरत्यपि ।
स शत्रूणामुपरि च संतिष्ठति युधिष्ठिर ॥२॥

2. bhīṣma uvāca ,
upānahau prayacchedyo brāhmaṇebhyaḥ samāhitaḥ ,
mardate kaṇṭakānsarvānviṣamānnistaratyapi ,
sa śatrūṇāmupari ca saṁtiṣṭhati yudhiṣṭhira.

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca upānahau prayacchet yaḥ
brāhmaṇebhyaḥ samāhitaḥ mardate kaṇṭakān
sarvān viṣamān nistarati api saḥ
śatrūṇāṃ upari ca saṃtiṣṭhati yudhiṣṭhira

2. Bhīṣma said: 'O Yudhiṣṭhira, whoever, with a composed mind, gives sandals to brahmins, he crushes all difficult thorns and also overcomes adversities. He stands firmly above his enemies.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (name of a Kuru elder)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• उपानहौ (upānahau) - two sandals, a pair of shoes

• प्रयच्छेत् (prayacchet) - should give, may give, might offer

• यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

• ब्राह्मणेभ्यः (brāhmaṇebhyaḥ) - to brahmins, for brahmins

• समाहितः (samāhitaḥ) - composed, collected, attentive, devoutly, absorbed

• मर्दते (mardate) - crushes, grinds, treads upon, destroys

• कण्टकान् (kaṇṭakān) - metaphorically refers to obstacles or enemies (thorns, obstacles, enemies)

• सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every

• विषमान् (viṣamān) - difficult, adverse, dangerous

• निस्तरति (nistarati) - overcomes, crosses over, passes through

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• सः (saḥ) - he (the one who gives sandals) (he, that)

• शत्रूणां (śatrūṇāṁ) - of enemies

• उपरि (upari) - above, over, upon

• च (ca) - and, also

• संतिष्ठति (saṁtiṣṭhati) - stands firmly, remains, abides, endures

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira! (vocative)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (name of a Kuru elder)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - formidable, terrible (name of a character in Mahabharata)

From √bhī (to fear).

Root: bhī (class 3)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect tense

Irregular perfect form, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

उपानहौ (upānahau) - two sandals, a pair of shoes

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, dual of upānah

upānah - sandal, shoe

From upa- + √nah (to bind).

Prefix: upa

Root: nah (class 4)

प्रयच्छेत् (prayacchet) - should give, may give, might offer

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of yacch

optative

Optative form of √yam with prefix `pra`, 3rd person singular.

Prefix: pra

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Expresses a wish or command.

यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

Note: Subject of `prayacchet`.

ब्राह्मणेभ्यः (brāhmaṇebhyaḥ) - to brahmins, for brahmins

(noun)

Dative, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - a brahmin, pertaining to a brahmin

From `brahman` (Vedic text, sacred knowledge, ultimate reality).

समाहितः (samāhitaḥ) - composed, collected, attentive, devoutly, absorbed

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samāhita

samāhita - composed, attentive, absorbed, collected, fixed upon

past passive participle

From sam-ā-√dhā (to place together, fix, concentrate).

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Used adverbially.

मर्दते (mardate) - crushes, grinds, treads upon, destroys

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of mṛd

Present stem `mṛda-` from √mṛd (class 6).

Root: mṛd (class 6)

कण्टकान् (kaṇṭakān) - metaphorically refers to obstacles or enemies (thorns, obstacles, enemies)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of kaṇṭaka

kaṇṭaka - thorn, prickle, obstacle, enemy

Note: In context, metaphorically referring to troubles or enemies.

सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, entire

Note: Qualifies `kaṇṭakān` and `viṣamān`.

विषमान् (viṣamān) - difficult, adverse, dangerous

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of viṣama

viṣama - uneven, difficult, dangerous, adverse

`vi` (negative prefix) + `sama` (even).

Compound type : pradi compound (vi+sama)

• vi – apart, astray, away, ill (prefix)
  indeclinable
• sama – even, equal, level, similar
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies `kaṇṭakān`.

निस्तरति (nistarati) - overcomes, crosses over, passes through

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of tṛ

Present stem `tara-` from √tṛ (class 1) with prefix `nis`.

Prefix: nis

Root: tṛ (class 1)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - he (the one who gives sandals) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Subject of `saṃtiṣṭhati`.

शत्रूणां (śatrūṇāṁ) - of enemies

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival

उपरि (upari) - above, over, upon

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

संतिष्ठति (saṁtiṣṭhati) - stands firmly, remains, abides, endures

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of sthā

Present stem `tiṣṭha-` from √sthā (class 1) with prefix `sam`.

Prefix: sam

Root: sthā (class 1)

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira! (vocative)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava)

Formed from `yudhi` (in battle, locative of `yudh`) and `sthira` (firm).

Compound type : aluk tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight
  noun (feminine)
  Locative form of `yudh`.
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• sthira – firm, steady, constant
  adjective (masculine)
  From √sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Addressed by Bhīṣma.

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